醫(yī)學論文寫作英語：Glamour of Grammar

1、 English for Writing Medical Research Papers Glamour of Grammar I. Nominalization Definition Nominalization refers to the use of nouns in place of adjectives, verbs or even clauses. e.g.： Failure to recognize this important concept has resulted in fatality. More examples of nominalization Functional

2、 analysis of adipocyte lineage cells in mice with defects in adipogenesis revealed that intradermal adipocyte lineage cells are necessary and sufficient to drive follicular stem cell activation.研究者在成脂功能缺 陷小鼠體內進行了脂肪細胞株的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)僅真皮內脂 肪細胞株就足以激活毛囊干細胞。 The presence of significantly higher levels of antibodi

3、es to P.acnes in patients with cystic acne compared with mild comedopapular acne and persons with healthy skin further strengthened the belief that P.acnes is important in the aetiopathogenesis of acne.囊腫型痤瘡 患者體內痤瘡丙酸桿菌抗體的水平遠遠高于粉刺丘疹型 痤瘡患者及正常皮膚的人，這進一步證實了痤瘡丙酸桿 菌在痤瘡發(fā)病中的重要作用。 Reasons for nominalization N

4、oun is static. Scientists are more concerned with facts, process, etc. than how the action takes place. e.g.: Preparation for marrow grafting employs aggressive immunosuppressive marrow ablative treatment of the recipient. Fronting is preferred. In EMP and other EST articles, more information is put

5、 into the subject. This way of building up the subject is called fronting, which can catch the readers attention. e.g.: Data for the incidence( percentage of mice with tumours) and multiplicity (number of tumours per mouse) of colon tumours induced by AOM are summersised in table 3. More examples of

6、 fronting: Expression of PGE2 receptors EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 in normal colon mucosa and colon tumours of AOM-treated mice and rats, and in human tissues were examined by RT- PCR. The possibility that the consumption of dairy products has a role in protecting against gout has been raised by metabol

7、ic studies. It can help de-personality. e.g.: Treatment with carbamazepine should be initiated at low doses. A familial influence on blood pressure can be identified early in life. It will be more concise. e.g.: If we examine the abdomen, we may disclose distention caused by intestinal obstruction.

8、Examination of the abdomen may disclose distention caused by intestinal obstruction. It can work as grammatical connectors. e.g.: If dysphagia is present, the radiologist should In the presence of dysphagia but a normal barium swallow endoscopy is indicated. Rewrite the following sentences in a more

9、 scientific way: nWhen we study cell structure we are limited by the techniques available. nAs methods of light microscopy improved, we understood more about cell structure.( increased) nEven weak visible fluorescence is adequate if we examine microscopically. nIn order to demonstrate reticulin fibe

10、rs properly, metallic impregnation methods are necessary. Problems with nominalization e.g.: The purposes of this study were to investigate the phenomenon of tissue integration of porcine dermal collagen membrane (PDCM) in vivo. cf.： Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin embedded specimens of eig

11、ht colon tumours and normal colon mucosa in rats treated with AOM was performed. Analysis of protein profiles of lysates from COS7 cells transfected with MDM2-T7, p53- HA, GFP, or GFP-PA28by the FPLC method was accomplished following a previously described protocol. II. Post-modification (后置修飾語) Exa

12、mples of post-modification In addition ionic compounds are formed containing the cations of the strong metals and the anions of acids, especially of the oxygen acids. Ultrastructural studies were made of a case of Pagets disease of the vulva. Cases are on record where the heart has weighed as much a

13、s 800g without evident hypertension or valvular disease. nLittle is known about the regulation of RNAi by signaling pathways.尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)有調控RNAi的信號途徑。 nA recent modification of the diphtheria toxin approach has been described that takes advantage of the 10.5-fold lower affinity of the murine receptor for di

14、phtheria toxin B chain when compared to the affinity of the human receptor.最近描述白喉毒素方法有個 變更,就是應用與人的受體相比親和力低10.5倍的鼠類的白喉毒素 B鏈受體. nMore than 100 herpes viruses have been discovered, of which all are double-stranded DNA viruses that can establish latent infections in their respective vertebrate hosts; ho

15、wever, only eight regularly infect humans.具有雙鏈DNA結構并且能在各自脊 椎動物宿主潛伏感染的多于100種的皰疹病毒被發(fā)現(xiàn)；然而，僅有 8種能夠感染人類。 nRelaxin is very important that is structurally related to insulin and insulin-like growth factors.Relaxin具有很重要的作用，在結構上與 胰島素及胰島素樣生長因子密切相關。 nThese results are presented which demonstrate that, in vitro

16、 and in vivo, ApoE expression can be differentially regulated depending on activation of ER subtypes.目前的結果表明：在體 內外條件下，ApoE的表達依賴ER不同亞型的活性受到不同的調節(jié) 。 nSteady progress has been made regarding the biology and clinical consequences of HHV-6 infection whereas the effect of HHV-7 infection remains a neglecte

17、d topic. 有關HHV-6感染導致 的生物學和臨床后果的研究已經取得穩(wěn)步進展，而HHV-7感染的 效應卻依然是個被忽視的話題。 nSeveral noninvasive tests are now available such as magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomographic angiography, and color-aided duplex ultrasonography. 已有了一些非侵入性的 檢查，如磁共振血管造影，計算機斷層血管造影，彩色二維超聲 顯像。 nThe changes are the same as t

18、hose seen in systemic atherosclerosis, which are characterized by the presence of a fibrous plaque, usually in the proximal third of the renal artery. 這 些改變與全身粥樣硬化所見相同，是以近側第三腎動脈內的纖維 狀斑塊為特征。 Practice: Put the sentences below into English n目前還沒有療效相同，危險性又較小的同類藥 物。 n本文未提及感染的種類。 n隨著醫(yī)學的發(fā)展，總有一天癌癥不再是不治之 癥。

19、n還有許多問題需要進一步研究。 n治愈某些癌癥的方法業(yè)已找到。 III. Passive Construction Passive voice occurs more frequently in the writing of English for science and technology, especially in the sections of Methods. Below is a typical and maybe an extreme example: Culdocentesis (后穹隆穿刺) is routinely used at Womens Hospital in t

20、he evaluation of patients in whom ectopic pregnancy is suspected. The procedure is performed in the following manner: (1) the patient is placed in the dorsal lithotomy position; (2) a bivalve vaginal speculum is inserted, and the posterior vaginal fornix is cleansed with an antiseptic solution; (3)

21、the posterior lip of the cerix is grasped with a single- toothed tenaculum; (4) the cul-de-sac is punctured with an 18 gauge spinal needed, attached to a 20 ml syringe, and suction is applied. When obtained, blood is observed for clotting. Nonclotting blood is centrifuged and the hematocrit is measu

22、red. The culdocentesis is interpreted as nondiagnostic when no fluid is obtained. Different journals take different attitudes towards preference of passive voice or active voice. For example, SCIENCE has a preference for active voice. Different English translations of “我”in medical papers: （1）the us

23、e of we, whether it is singular or plural We still consider, due to the above, that enterolithotomy腸 結石切除術alone is a sufficient primary procedure. （2）the author for “I”, the authors for “we” The author presents the experience with 234 patients with secondary renovascular hypertension. （3）this study,

24、 this report, this paper, this article, etc. This study reports our first years experience of endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stone. (Reported in this paper is) Fronting, post-modification, and active voice nA birth-cohort study was done, in which all pregnant women (n=12055) in Oulu

25、and Lapland， northern Finland， who were due to give birth in 1966 were enrolled. nData was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin D supplementation and presence of suspected rickets. nThe effects on rabbit eyes of the topical or systemic administration of various ant

26、i-histamine preparations were investigated. n Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing pneumonia and influenza hospitalization and death among elderly members of a prepared health plan was analyzed retrospectively. nA series of 310 patients with Hodgkins disease having a staging laparotomy

27、 under the care of one surgeon between October 1999 and June 2000 is presented. nA long-term follow-up study was carried out of girls given RA27/3 or Cendehill rubellavaccine in their 13- 14th year compared with a group of girls who had been found to be naturally immune at that age. nThe findings ar

28、e presented of a retrospective survey of. nA clinical pathological study is reported of a patient who nDescriptions are given of nComparisons were made of nSeveral factors have been identified that profoundly affect nA model of hepatic biliary ischemia in the pig has been developed which permits com

29、parison nParallelism nIn the complex lesions of KS, viral gene products are expressed in endothelial cells, in spindle cells of probable endothelial origin, in monocytes, and possibly in some infiltrating lymphocytes. n在復合性損傷的卡波濟肉瘤中，病毒基因產物在內皮細胞、可能在內皮來源的梭形細胞、單核細胞、也可 能在浸潤性淋巴細胞中表達。 nHighly active antir

30、etroviral therapy (HAART) brings about a substantial and sustained decrease in peripheral blood HIV-1 load, as well as an increase in CD4+T cells and a significant decrease in the incidence of AIDS-defining KS. n高效抗逆轉錄病毒治療引起了外周血中HIV-1病毒載量大幅度持久的下降，CD4+T細胞的增加和AIDS相關 卡波濟肉瘤發(fā)生率的顯著下降。 nThese authors found that 80% of their