[專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料]專業(yè)八級分類模擬46

1、專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料專業(yè)八級分類模擬46專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料專業(yè)八級分類模擬46專業(yè)八級分類模擬46READING COMPREHENSION Humans are damaging the planet at an unprecedented rate and raising risks of abrupt collapses in nature that could spur disease, deforestation or dead zones in the seas, an international report said on Wednesday. The study, by 1

2、,360 experts in 95 nations, said a rising human population had polluted or over-exploited two-thirds of the ecological systems on which life depends, ranging from clean air to fresh water, in the past 50 years. At the heart of this assessment is a stark warning, said the 45-member board of the Mille

3、nnium Ecosystem Assessment. Human activity is putting such strain on the natural functions of Earth that the ability of the planets ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted, it said. Ten to 30 percent of mammal, bird and amphibian species were already threatened wi

4、th extinction, according to the assessment, the biggest review of the planets life support systems. Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber,

5、 fibre and fuel, the report said. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on earth, it added. More land was changed to cropland since 1945, for instance, than in the 18th and 19th centuries combined. The harmful consequences of this degradation could

6、 grow significantly worse in the next 50 years, it said. The report was compiled by experts, including from UN agencies and international scientific and development organizations. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said the study shows how human activities are causing environmental damage on a massive

7、scale throughout the world, and how biodiversitythe very basis for life on earthis declining at an alarming rate. The report said there was evidence that strains on nature could trigger abrupt changes like the collapse of cod fisheries off Newfoundland in Canada in 1992 after years of over-fishing.

8、Future changes could bring sudden outbreaks of disease. Warming of the Great Lakes in Africa due to climate change, for instance, could create conditions for a spread of cholera. And a build-up of nitrogen from fertilizers washed off farmland into seas could spur abrupt blooms of algae that choke fi

9、sh or create oxygen- depleted dead zones along coasts. It said deforestation often led to less rainfall. And at some point, lack of rain could suddenly undermine growing conditions for remaining forests in a region. The report said that in 100 years, global warming widely blamed on burning of fossil

10、 fuels in cars, factories and power plants, might take over as the main source of damage. The report mainly looks at other, shorter-term risks. And it estimated that many ecosystems were worth more if used in a way that maintains them for future generations. A wetland in Canada was worth $6,000 a he

11、ctare (2.47 acres), as a habitat for animals and plants, a filter for pollution, a store for water and a site for human recreation, against $2,000 if converted to farmland, it said. A Thai mangrove was worth $1,000 a hectare against $200 as a shrimp farm. Ecosystems and the services they provide are

12、 financially significant and., to degrade and damage them is tantamount to economic suicide, said Klaus Toepfer, head of the U.N. Environment Program. The study urged changes in consumption, better education, new technology and higher prices for exploiting ecosystems. Governments should recognize th

13、at natural services have costs, A.H. Zakri of the UN University and a co-chair of the report told Reuters. Protection of natural services is unlikely to be a priority for those who see them as free and limitless. 1. The part of sentence irreversible loss in the diversity of life in Paragraph 3 refer

14、s to _.A.extinction of some speciesB.variety of living thingsC.damage of ecosystemD.shortage of natural resources答案:A解析 第3段首句指出10%30%的野生動物瀕臨滅絕，接著論述由于增長的資源需求給生命多樣性帶來不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損失。因此，選A。2. In the last but one paragraph, two examples are cited to prove _.A.the limitation of natural servicesB.the worth of eco

15、system for future generationsC.the economical loss of exploiting ecosystemsD.the financial value of protecting ecosystems答案:D解析 該段首句提到，很多生態(tài)系統(tǒng)如果以一種可持續(xù)方式發(fā)展會更有價值，緊接著舉了兩個例子，最后總結(jié)出，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及其服務(wù)是有經(jīng)濟價值的，破壞它等于經(jīng)濟自殺，故這兩個例子是證明保護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟價值，選D。3. The international report is mainly put forward to _.A.show the environme

16、ntal damage of human activitiesB.indicate the urgency of environmental protectionC.show the significance of ecosystem on the earthD.blame the negative effects of technology on environment答案:B解析 根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知該項報告簡述了人類活動給生態(tài)環(huán)境造成的破壞。第2段第2句指出該評估報告的核心是警告，最后一段呼吁人類認識到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要性，因此選B。A、C有迷惑性，該報告確實是關(guān)于人類對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的破壞，但提出

17、報告的目的是要呼吁保護環(huán)境，因而此類主旨題不能局限在表層論述，而要挖掘深層含義。4. What made rainfall become less according to the passage?答案:Deforestation解析 根據(jù)題目中的rainfall定位到倒數(shù)第3段第4句。該句提到，森林砍伐會導(dǎo)致降雨減少，本題直接用原文原詞Deforestation作答即可。 Peanuts, a dietary outcast during the fat-phobic 1990s, have made a comeback, with consumption soaring to its h

18、ighest level in nearly two decades and more doctors recommending nuts as part of a heart-healthy diet. When peanut butter and snack peanuts plummeted as Americans switched to lowfat diets, the peanut industry responded with studies showing the health benefits of peanuts. Total consumption of peanuts

19、 jumped last year to nearly 1.7 billion pounds, compared to 1.5 billion pounds the year before. The amount of snack peanuts eaten climbed to 415 million pounds in the 2003-2004 crop year, the highest since the mid-1990s. And peanut butter consumption soared to 900 million pounds, from a low of about

20、 700 million in the 90s. Mothers gave us peanuts and peanut butter. Now, weve figured out that Mom was right. But it took a lot of researchers and universities to figure that out, said Don Koehler, executive director of Georgias Peanut Commission. The federal governments latest dietary guidelines sa

21、y peanuts, which contain unsaturated fats, can be eaten in moderation. Now we know that the type of fat found in peanuts is actually good for us, said Lona Sandon with the American Dietetic Association. It doesnt clog our arteries like saturated fat. It helps keep the arteries clean. But thats only

22、if you dont overdo it, and thats the part that often trips up peanut lovers. There are 14 grams of fat in one serving of peanuts, which is only one ounce. A handful can have up to 200 calories. The problem is that the portions need to be low so you dont overconsume the caloriesthats where the public

23、 has a disconnect, said Madelyn Fernstrom, director of the Weight Management Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Its a well-spent 200 calories if you can limit it to that. The problem is volume. Its very hard to have a small serving of peanuts, meaning a small handful. When peanut

24、s were out of favor in the last decade, American consumers seemed to overlook the respectable list of nutrientsvitamin E, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and minerals such as copper, phosphorous, potassium, zinc and magnesium. They also are a good source of fiber and protein. Peanuts also h

25、ave a small amount of resveratrol, the antioxidant in red wine that has been linked to the French Paradoxa low incidence of heart disease among the French, despite their love of cheese and other high-fat foods. Research at several universities suggests peanuts may help prevent heart disease, that th

26、ey can lower bad cholesterol and that they can help with weight loss, possibly by making people feel satisfied so they eat less overall. One Harvard study showed an association between peanut butter consumption and a reduced risk of diabetes. Even the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has authorized

27、 a qualified health claim for peanuts and some tree nuts. Producers can say they may reduce their risk of heart disease by eating 1.5 ounces daily. Anna Resurreccion, a University of Georgia food scientist, has focused her research on the resveratrol found in peanuts. By subjecting the nuts to stres

28、sslicing the kernels, or subjecting them to ultrasoundthe resveratrol level greatly surpassed that found in red wine, she said. This development opens the door for new products, such as enhanced peanut butter that could offer even more health benefits and serve as a way to get resveratrol into child

29、rens diets, she said. Young children cant very well drink wine, Resurrecction said. But most of them love peanut butter and peanut snack foods. 5. The rhetorical device in the sentence of the first paragraph Peanuts, a dietary outcast during the fat-phobic 1990s, have made a comeback. is _.A.personi

30、ficationB.simileC.metaphorD.contrast答案:C解析 該句意為“在人們對脂肪滿懷恐懼的上世紀90年代，花生成了食品中的棄兒?，F(xiàn)在，它又盛行起來”?？梢娺@里將花生比喻成棄兒，且未出現(xiàn)比喻詞like，as，因此是暗喻(metaphot)，故選C。6. The relationship between the second and third paragraphs is that _.A.they both describe the health benefits of peanutsB.the latter presents a striking contrast

31、to the formerC.the latter provides conclusive statement to the formerD.the latter offers further supplementation to the former答案:D解析 第2段主要說花生含有不飽和脂肪，適當食用對身體有益。第3段接著進一步用數(shù)字闡述適當食用且要控制花生食用數(shù)量，可見這是對前一段的補充說明，故選D。7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as health benefits of peanuts?A.To he

32、lp with weight loss.B.To decrease harm of wine.C.To reduce risk of diabetes.D.To lower bad cholesterol.答案:B解析 第4段第3句提到，花生含有一種抗氧化劑白藜蘆醇，紅酒中也含這種物質(zhì)，法國人喜歡喝紅酒，所以心臟病發(fā)病率很低，由此可見白藜蘆醇對心臟起保護作用，而不是降低喝酒的危害，B符合題意。8. What has Anna Resurreccion studied in her research?答案:The resveratrol found in peanuts.解析 根據(jù)題目中的Ann

33、a Resurreccion定位到最后一段首句。該句明確指出，Anna Resurreccion已集中研究花生中所含的白藜蘆醇，可見答案為The resveratrol found in peanuts。 Yu Zhuoping hasnt taken a vacation in two years, nor does the 44-year-old take many weekends off. Instead he logs 12-hour days in a soccer-pitch-size laboratory filled with flashing computer screen

34、s and disemboweled electric motors. Hes trying to build the futurein the form of hydrogen-powered cars that can not only work, but can sell. Since Yus team of 28 Ph.D.-level scientists and 200 students at Shanghais Tongji University began the work in 2002, theyve come out with two generations of car

35、sbuilt with Chinese technology. Thats something that nobody thought we could do, he says, glancing out from under the silver hood of Start II, the projects newest prototype. Now people say we wont be able to make them marketable. So well just keep working. In China such optimism is par for the cours

36、e. Beijing is undaunted in its ambitions to become a world leader in hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered cars. The dream is not far-fetched. Making hydrogen cars a reality is only partly a matter of coming up with technological breakthroughs. It also involves replacing gasoline filling stations, refineries a

37、nd internal-combustion engines with hydrogen equivalents. Chinas relative lack of development may thus be a virtue; the countrys leadership has a relatively clean slate upon which to build a hydrogen-car industry, should it choose to do so. If the technology could be made cost-competitive with fossi

38、l fuelswhich many analysts predict will happen in the next two decadeshydrogen cars would make sense as a national strategy. By marketing China the worlds biggest market for hydrogen cars, Beijing could attract investment in the latest technology and bootstrap a world-class Chinese auto industry, re

39、ducing Chinas demand for imported oil in the bargain. Of course, theres a sizable industry that is pushing the country in the opposite direction, toward fast growth using quick and dirty conventional technology and fuelsand even fighting against tighter emissions controls than in the West. Which str

40、ategy China chooses stands to have a huge impact on the countryand on the rest of the world. At present, the Middle Kingdom is traversed by relatively few carsonly about 20 million. That amounts to barely eight cars per 1,000 people, which is a far cry from the 100 in Brazil or the 940 in the United

41、 States. China is catching up quickly, however. At its current rate of growth, the country will surpass Japan and become the worlds second largest auto market by 2011, with annual sales of 5 million cars, says Yale Zhang, a research director for the consulting firm GSM worldwide. China, already the

42、worlds second largest importer of oil, would have to double import every 7 or 8 years to keep all these wheels spinning, says James Brock, an energy consultant in Beijing. By steering China toward more fuel-efficient hybrid cars as a precursor to a hydrogen-based auto industry, Beijing would take a

43、giant step toward curbing green-house-gas emissions and reducing the worldwide demand of oil. It would also give the big carmakers an incentive to develop similar vehicles for the China market. Beijing has already begun to create an alternative-energy-vehicle fleet of buses. The central Yangtze port

44、 city of Wuhan runs several hybrid buses and, Wang Gang, the chief scientist in charge of Chinas electric-vehicles project, says, city officials are planning to buy more. Beijings public transportation armada includes 120 pure-battery buses. Beijing and Shanghai plan to build hydrogen-fueling statio

45、ns. That will help them when it comes time to convert the countrys 190,000 natural-gas taxis and buses, one of the worlds biggest naturalgas fleets, to hydrogen. State-funded R 答案:A解析 A意為“中國并不畏懼自己擁有領(lǐng)頭氫動力汽車工業(yè)的雄心”，其中以表示局部的Beijing指代表示全體概念的“中國”，是提喻或舉隅修辭法。C的干擾性較強，事實上，wheels在這里就是“汽車”的意思，而不是“輪子”指代“汽車”，故不是提

46、喻。10. A hydrogen-based auto industry can NOT benefit China in _.A.establishing hydrogen-fueling stationsB.promoting tighter emissions controlsC.dropping conventional technology and fuelsD.attracting more foreign investment答案:A解析 本題關(guān)鍵在于抓住題眼NOT和benefit。根據(jù)第2段第5句可知，A是伴隨新汽車工業(yè)建立而產(chǎn)生的，不是新工業(yè)帶來的益處，故為答案。B、C、D在

47、第3段均有體現(xiàn)，其中B、C是現(xiàn)行汽車工業(yè)管理經(jīng)營體系的反例，也能作為新汽車工業(yè)給中國帶來的益處，故排除。11. The point of the fourth paragraph is that _.A.China is catching up quickly in the amount of carsB.Chinas car market has enormous potentialC.Chinas oil consumption will still increase in the futureD.China would take measures to protect the envir

48、onment答案:B解析 第4段提到，中國汽車的數(shù)量不斷增長，汽車耗油量也隨之上升，發(fā)展新型汽車工業(yè)不僅能控制溫室氣體排放，還能減少對汽油的需求，進而促使汽車制造商制造出類似的新型汽車。據(jù)此可知，中國汽車市場具有極大潛力，因此選B。A、C是該段中的細節(jié)，是中國汽車擁有巨大市場潛力的兩個方面；D無原文依據(jù)，故不選。12. How does the auto industry push the country toward fast growth?答案:By using quick and dirty conventional technology and fuels.解析 根據(jù)題目中的towar

49、d fast growth定位到第3段末句。該句指出，現(xiàn)今存在一個相當大的工業(yè)正把我國朝著相反方向推進，使用見效快、有污染的傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)和燃料來促進快速發(fā)展。該句中的a sizable industry指的是the auto industry，可見它促進發(fā)展的方式是使用見效快、有污染的傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)和燃料，答案可采用原文原詞By using quick and dirty conventional technology and fuels。 The U.N. General Assembly on Tuesday urged governments to ban all human cloning, i

50、ncluding the cloning of human embryos for stem-cell research, in a divided vote that handed a symbolic victory to the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. Capping four years of contentious debate, the 191-nation assembly voted 84 to 34, with 37 abstentions, to approve a nonbinding statem

51、ent on cloning. The United States did not play a public role in promoting the statement. But it had worked behind the scenes, hand-in-hand with U.S. anti-abortion groups, to obtain a call for a blanket ban on all cloning. The United States and the international community have now spoken clearly that

52、 human cloning is an affront to human dignity, Bush said in a statement welcoming the strong vote. The measure was proposed by Honduras and generally supported by predominantly Roman Catholic countries, in line with Pope John Pauls condemnation of human cloning. It was generally opposed by nations w

53、here stem-cell research is being pursued. Many Islamic nations were among those abstaining; on grounds there was no U.N. consensus on the hot-button issue of whether stem-cell research was a valid medical pursuit or the destruction of human life. Opponents said the text was not legally binding and w

54、ould have no impact on their scientists pursuit of stem cell research. At the heart of the debate was so-called therapeutic cloning, in which human embryos are cloned to obtain stem cells used in medical studies and later discarded. Many scientists, backed by governments including Belgium, Britain,

55、Singapore and China, say the technique offers hope for a cure to some 100 million people with such conditions as Alzheimers, cancer, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. But the United States, Costa Rica, Italy and anti-abortion groups argued that this type of research, for whatever purpose, constitut

56、es the taking of human lives. The U.N. debate began with a 2001 proposal by France and Germany for a binding global treaty banning the cloning of human beings, a plan that had broad international backing. But that effort failed last year after the Bush administration fought to broaden the ban to all

57、 cloning of human embryos, including therapeutic cloning. The assemblys treaty-writing legal committee, deeply divided, abandoned the idea of a treaty and decided instead to pursue a nonbinding declaration. Costa Rican Ambassador Bruno Stagno Ugarte praised the assembly vote as a historic step that

58、recognized that therapeutic cloning involves the creation of human life for the purpose of destroying it. U.S. envoy Sichan Siv made only a brief comment welcoming the statement. But British Ambassador Emyr Jones Parry, who voted no, lamented the intransigence of those who were not prepared to recognize that other sovereign statesafter extensive dialogue and due democratic processmay decide to permit strictly contro