過去完成時(shí)的用法總結(jié)

1、.1. cleaned the blackboard2. closed the windowhad cleaned the closed the window nowblackboard She had cleaned the blackboard before she closed the window. After she had cleaned the blackboard , she closed the window.1. ran out of breath2. drank waterhad run out drank water nowof breathHe had run out

2、 of breath before he drank water.After he had run out of breath, he drank water.1. ate an apple2. slepthad eaten slept nowan apple She had eaten an apple before she slept.After she had eaten an apple , she slept.一、 過去完成時(shí)定義：表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的某種影響或結(jié)果，用來指定在另一個(gè)過去行動(dòng)之前就已經(jīng)完成了的一個(gè)事件。 過去某動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在將來可能還要延續(xù)下去。句中的

3、動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去之前（過去的過去），即過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去。 He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他說他已經(jīng)去過北京兩次。（因?yàn)椤罢f”said就是過去式，而去北京的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在說said 的過去，所以用過完而不用現(xiàn)完。可概括為：強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作前常常用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。二、過去完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done) 肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞. 否定句：主語+hadnt +過去分詞. 一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞? 肯定回答：Yes,主語+had. 否定回答：No,主語+hadnt . 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問

4、詞或詞組+一般疑問句（Had+主語+過去分詞）？ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+had（hadnt)+been+過去分詞三、過去完成時(shí)的基本用法：（1）表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即“過去的過去”。可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句(在復(fù)合句中，由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做時(shí)間狀語從句)來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。 例如： By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛

5、船發(fā)來的圖片。 （2）表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 當(dāng)車來的時(shí)候，我在車站已經(jīng)等了20分鐘。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。 （3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。 例如： Mr. Smith die

6、d yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 （4）在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書。 She found the key that she had lost.

7、她丟失的鑰匙找到了。 （5）過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他說他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6） 狀語從句：在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的

8、 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。 She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。 注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)?這 時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。 例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his Engl

9、ish. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。 （7）動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。 例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我們本來希望能來看看你。 （8）過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (s

10、econd, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。 例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。 四、過去完成時(shí)-語法判定：1. 由時(shí)間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連

11、用的時(shí)間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時(shí)表示

12、“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如： After he had f

13、inished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you did

14、nt. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 五、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。 比較：I have learned 1000 E

15、nglish words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） 六、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1. 時(shí)間狀語

16、不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。 比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first

17、in the composition competition. 3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 七、三種時(shí)態(tài)用法總結(jié)1.We started to learn English 5 years ago.一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 5 years ago now2. We have learned En