高中英語(yǔ)名詞講解及練習(xí)

1、名詞一、名詞的分類專有名詞主要是指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。專有名詞(Proper Nouns)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns) 不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns)普通名詞(Common Nouns)集體名詞(Collective Nouns)個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns) 可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns)個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名

2、詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。Proper Nouns： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Years Day注意：專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫Common Nouns：一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞1. Individual Nouns: 指作為個(gè)體而存在的人或東西可以指具體的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. Coll

3、ective Nouns: 表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，視為整體時(shí)作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 個(gè)別集

4、體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般來(lái)說(shuō)，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：1) 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份) Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special

5、tea. (一種)2)個(gè)別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙灘） snows (積雪) waters(海域)4.Abstract Nouns:表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。Failure is the m

6、other of success. (失敗與成功在此為抽象概念)As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失敗者，可數(shù))二、名詞的數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)形式?？蓴?shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有

7、以下幾種：情況加法例詞一般情況加-sbrothers; schools以s, x, ch, sh,結(jié)尾的詞加-esbuses; watches; dishes以輔音y結(jié)尾的詞去y加-iesladies; countries以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞把f/fe改成veshalves; leavesNotes:1. stomach - stomachs2. 以元音+y或以專有名詞+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys3. 以-o 結(jié)尾的名詞+ es在課本中出現(xiàn)的有hero, potato, tomato；其余以-o結(jié)尾的詞+ s: (photo, piano, r

8、adio, bamboo ,zoo)4:以f/fe結(jié)尾只加-s的詞：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手絹）的復(fù)數(shù)形式兩者都可以。不規(guī)則變化：變內(nèi)部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen詞尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-childrenouse ice：mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）有些外來(lái)詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式

9、：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crisescriterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media單復(fù)數(shù)相同的情況：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese以及由漢語(yǔ)音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：trousers(褲子); glasses(眼鏡); compasses(圓規(guī)) a pair ofth

10、anks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle“某國(guó)人”的復(fù)數(shù)形式：?jiǎn)?、?fù)數(shù)相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 詞尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,變man為men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen但：German-Germans 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：1.一般將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlo

11、okers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief2.無(wú)主體名詞的在詞尾加復(fù)數(shù)。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（無(wú)用的人），go-betweens （中間人），look-outs（守望者）3.由man, woman,構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)將前后兩個(gè)詞都變成復(fù)數(shù)。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singersboyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一個(gè)美人/物

12、)danger(危險(xiǎn))a danger(一件危險(xiǎn)的事/人)failure(失敗)a failure(一件失敗的事/人) honour(光榮)an honour(帶來(lái)榮譽(yù)的/或事)pity(遺憾)a pity(一件可惜的事)success(成功)a success(一件成功的事/人)surprise(驚奇)a surprise(一件令人吃驚的事)pleasure(樂(lè)趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事)worry(擔(dān)心)a worry(一件令人擔(dān)心的事)experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))an experience(一次經(jīng)歷)service(服務(wù))a service(一個(gè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu))英語(yǔ)中有許多對(duì)詞，一

13、個(gè)可數(shù)，一個(gè)不可數(shù)。a poem(一首詩(shī)) poetry(詩(shī)歌總稱)a machine(一臺(tái)機(jī)器) machinery(機(jī)器總稱)a job(一件工作) work(工作)a laugh(一個(gè)笑聲) laughter(笑聲)a permit(許可證) permission(允許)a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳總稱)a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李)a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包)a hair(一根頭發(fā)) hair(頭發(fā))幾個(gè)名詞的特殊用法1. hairHis hair is white.（他的頭發(fā)是白的。）He

14、has a few grey hairs.（他有幾根白的頭發(fā)。）2. fruitThe fruit is sweet.He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.3. policeThe police are searching for the murderer.dozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencils three dozen of them / these pencilsdozens of students two score of students scores of peoplewor

15、d（消息，通知）, man（人類），前面不加冠詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。三、名詞的格英語(yǔ)中的名詞（代詞）有三個(gè)格：主格、賓格、所有格。所有格表示所有關(guān)系，修飾另一名詞，作定語(yǔ)，它有兩種形式：一種是由名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，另一種是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成，前者多用來(lái)表示有生命的東西，后者多用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的東西。所有格的形式：1. 一般的名詞所有格在后面加 s：Marys book2. 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格在后面僅加：Teachers Day, the students reading-room3. 以 s 結(jié)尾的專有名詞所有格：Engelss works 或Engels works4. 復(fù)

16、合名詞的所有格是在其詞尾加 s： his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion5. 如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩人共有，則只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s, 如果是分別所有，則兩個(gè)名詞后都要加s：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers6. 在表示“某人家”、“店鋪”的所有格時(shí)，一般省略它所修飾的名詞：at the doctors, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors7. 有些表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無(wú)生命東西的名詞，也可以加s來(lái)構(gòu)

17、成所有格：todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room the earths surface a dollars worth8. 凡不能加 s 構(gòu)成所有格的名詞，都可以與 of 結(jié)成短語(yǔ)，來(lái)表示所有格關(guān)系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可如此，特別是當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞有較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the door of our classroomDo you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí)，常使用雙重

18、所有格，即“of詞組+所有格”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)帶有一定的感情色彩，表示贊美、厭惡等。 a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms several classmates of his9. 一個(gè)名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重復(fù)。如：This is not my pen, but Marys.10. 名詞原形直接作定語(yǔ)（不表示所有關(guān)系）room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush

19、 power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名詞習(xí)慣于用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)parents meeting(家長(zhǎng)會(huì)) goods train(貨車) sales department (銷售部) sports meet(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)) 名詞所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns:1.Ill take the risk for friendships sake. (為了友誼)2.She was at her wits end. （

20、黔驢技窮）3.Now they could sing at their hearts content. （盡情地）4.We should get the children out of harms way. （不受損害）5.We had best keep them at arms length. （保持距離）6.For goodness sake, stop arguing. （看在上帝的份上）7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. （很合算）1. The lion is considered the king of the forest a

21、s it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot4. He gained his _

22、by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. A. p

23、rice B. cost C. value D. usefulness7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of coura

24、ge and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. A. area B. place C. room D. surface12.

25、 It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _.A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that bir

26、d at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ .A. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _. A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season

27、 D. climate17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant.A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry sto

28、res were robbed in one night. A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. - There is no

29、_ for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. A. hand B. reach C. space D. dist

30、ance24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have re

31、ad the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance27. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as28. The police are offering a _to anyone who can

32、give information about the lost key. A. price B. prize C. reward D. money29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens .A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place30. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics。 A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways 31. Always

33、 read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of_。 A. date B. shape C. order D. balance33. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer fi

34、rst of all has to know their _ and weaknesses A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values 34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _.A. solution B. target C. measure D. function35. James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for th

35、e television.A. room B. area C. field D. position36. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine.A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year.A average B numbe

36、r C amount D quantity38. After the earthquake, tile first thing the local government did was to provide _for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture 39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a ve

37、ry good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide_ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle41. I havent seen Sara since she was a girl，and she has changed beyond _ .A. hearing B. strength C

38、. recognition D measure42. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with _ in her eyes.A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear43. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a private company. A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist

39、 D. cook, typewriter44. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock?” “Because they were delayed by _.”A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics45. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are46. By all _, y

40、ou must try every _ to help him.A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means47. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him.A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend48. We already have _ pencils, but we need two _ pens.A. dozen

41、 of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of49. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word50. May I take your order now?” “Wed like three black _ and two green _.”A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee

42、, tea D. cup of coffees, teas51. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair52. Hi, this way, please.OK.I sometimes have no sense of _ when I arrive at the crossroad.A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _. A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 54. I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by _. A. chance B. choice C. accident D. myself55. “Did you get _ to the pa