高考閱讀理解分類講解

1、第一章 閱讀理解專題 warming up 1. as a young girl growing up in the 1930s, i always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. i got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. （2011年高考英 語北京a篇） q: what

2、happened to the author in 2011？ a. she flew an airplane. b. she entered a competition. c. she went on a hot air balloon ride. d. she moved into a retirement community. _ he longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. he wants someone to get excited a

3、bout what hes doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out， exploring the best ways to report it. he wants to be more valuable for your paper. （2010年高考英語北京b篇） q: what does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks？ a. finding the news value of his stories. b. giv

4、ing him financial support. c. helping him to find issues. d. improving his good ideas. _ _ _ she turned up at the doorstep of my house in cornwall. no way could i have sent her away. no way, not me anyway. maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “were moving house”; “no space

5、 for her any more with the baby coming.” “we never really wanted her，but what could we have done？she was a present.” people find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. and she was one of the most beautiful dogs i had ever seen. q: how did the author feel about goldie when goldie came to the

6、house？ （2010年高考英語北京a篇） a. shocked. b. sympathetic. c. annoyed. d. upset. _ _ _ _ _ _ step1: 閱讀理解文章體裁分析閱讀理解文章體裁分析 記敘文：往往按記敘文：往往按時間順序時間順序展開段落，文章有明顯表示時展開段落，文章有明顯表示時 間先后的詞語。閱讀時抓住時間這條主線，弄清間先后的詞語。閱讀時抓住時間這條主線，弄清who、 what、where、why與與how。 描寫文：通過細(xì)節(jié)的描寫，以畫面的方式來反應(yīng)事物的描寫文：通過細(xì)節(jié)的描寫，以畫面的方式來反應(yīng)事物的 特征、性質(zhì)。對這種文章要迅速弄清其主題，特

7、征、性質(zhì)。對這種文章要迅速弄清其主題，主題詞主題詞往往 往出現(xiàn)在往出現(xiàn)在各個句子里各個句子里，貫穿文章的始末；緊圍繞這個主，貫穿文章的始末；緊圍繞這個主 題進(jìn)行閱讀，找到文章與之有關(guān)的信息，并確定信息與題進(jìn)行閱讀，找到文章與之有關(guān)的信息，并確定信息與 主題的關(guān)系。主題的關(guān)系。 說明文：多見于說明文：多見于科普科普文章，用以解釋或揭示事物文章，用以解釋或揭示事物 的狀態(tài)、特征、演變、結(jié)果及其相互之間的關(guān)系，的狀態(tài)、特征、演變、結(jié)果及其相互之間的關(guān)系， 這類文體的文章，這類文體的文章，首句往往是主題句首句往往是主題句，開門見山，開門見山， 說明文章的關(guān)注對象：弄清作者的思路和段落組說明文章的關(guān)注對

8、象：弄清作者的思路和段落組 織的方式；把握次要信息及其與主題的關(guān)系?？椀姆绞?；把握次要信息及其與主題的關(guān)系。 議論文：閱讀難在這種文章處處都滲議論文：閱讀難在這種文章處處都滲 透作者的個人觀點、態(tài)度。閱讀議論透作者的個人觀點、態(tài)度。閱讀議論 文應(yīng)該從文體的寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點入手文應(yīng)該從文體的寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點入手. 文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往容易把握，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往容易把握，主題句開主題句開 門見山。作者往往通過信號詞門見山。作者往往通過信號詞(signal words或或transitional words)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (referents來組織段落、文章來組織段落、文章，對信號對信號 詞的迅速反應(yīng)和對關(guān)

9、聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷詞的迅速反應(yīng)和對關(guān)聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷 是至關(guān)重要是至關(guān)重要的；要特別注意的；要特別注意區(qū)分作者區(qū)分作者 的觀點的觀點與文章里所與文章里所提到的人物的觀點提到的人物的觀點， 同時注意作者所使用的同時注意作者所使用的表示贊同、反表示贊同、反 對對等感情色彩的詞匯。等感情色彩的詞匯。 step2: 閱讀理解命題方式閱讀理解命題方式 （一）細(xì)節(jié)理解題（一）細(xì)節(jié)理解題 1)which of the following is not true according to the information in the passage?(三正一誤三正一誤) 2) the author mentions

10、 all of the following except . . . （三正一誤）（三正一誤） 3)which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?（三誤一正）（三誤一正） 4)the writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.（三正一誤）（三正一誤） 5) which of the following is mentioned in the passage? （三誤一正）（三誤一正） 6) what is the example of

11、 . . . as described in the passage? （三誤一正）（三誤一正） 7) the reason for . . .is . . . （三誤一正）（三誤一正） 8) according to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . （三誤一正）（三誤一正） 9)from the passage we know that _.（三誤一正）（三誤一正） 10)in the passage, the author states that _.（三誤一正）（三誤一正） 當(dāng)堂導(dǎo)練一：當(dāng)堂導(dǎo)練一： q： which o

12、f the following is not true? a. luo lin is a native of shanghai. b. luo lin moved to hong kong with her parents. c. luo lin won the title of miss asia in 1991. d. asia tv station helped luo lin to become miss asia. （二）主旨大意題（二）主旨大意題 1）the general/main idea of the passage is about _ 2）which of the fol

13、lowing best states the theme of the passage？ 3）in this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）the passage is mostly about _ 5）the passage is mainly concerned about _ 6）what is the main topic of the passage？ 7）what is the best title for the passage？ 8）the subject discussed in this text is _ . 9）t

14、he authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）the passage is meant to . 11）the purpose of this article is to 解主題大意題時，可用以下解主題大意題時，可用以下方法方法： 1）認(rèn)真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個句子。 2）文章的主題作者往往有意識地反復(fù)論述。抓住反復(fù) 出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。 3）文章或段落的主題句常常會出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提 示后。 例如：on the whole , in short, therefore , i agree with t

15、he opinion that, given all these points above , i would support the idea that, for all the reasons mentioned above ,i would prefer 等后。 如何尋找主題句如何尋找主題句 sample 1 people have different tastes in food. some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. some prefer chick

16、en or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, french fries and a soft drink. 主題句在主題句在段首段首：一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其：一個主

17、題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其 后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞 報道中多采用這種格式。報道中多采用這種格式。 _ sample 2 some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. others prefer to be left to work on their own. still others like a democratic discussion type of class. no one teaching method ca

18、n be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實依據(jù)主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實依據(jù), 層層推層層推 理論證理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。本段的中心即段落的主題。本段的中心 思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。 _ _ sample 3 nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. few inventions a

19、re so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. in fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 當(dāng)主題句被安排在當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中段中間時間時, 通常前面只

20、提出問題，文通常前面只提出問題，文 中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo) 出出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展支撐或發(fā)展. _ _ （三）推理題（三）推理題 1) it can be inferred from the text that _. 2) from the text we know that _. 3) the story implies that _. 4) the paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5) the w

21、riters attitude toward.is _. 6)the author implied（suggested）that 7)it may be concluded from the passage that 8)which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)with which of the following does the author agree？ 解推斷題應(yīng)注意： (1)不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點； (2)推理的根據(jù)來自于上下文。 3. 解推斷題的方法：根據(jù)詞義關(guān)系推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。 “you m

22、ean there is no baby who is dying?”said de vincenzo. “thats right,” said the official. “thats the best good news ive heard all week.”said de vincenzo. q: i t can be inferred that what worried de vincenzo most was_. a.the poor woman b.the officials advice c.the winning check d.the babys life sample 2

23、 : q： the passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _. a. very clean b. just cleaned by the landlord c. tidy and comfortable d. dirty and full of insects （四）觀點態(tài)度題（四）觀點態(tài)度題 1)the author seems to think that _. 2)the writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 3)the author

24、 wants to appeal to _ . 4)the authors style is _ . 5)the authors tone would be best described as _ . 6)what is the authors opinion of _? 7)the writer believe that_? 8) in the authors opinion_? 確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路 1）問）問全文全文主體事物的主體事物的(包括主題包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體 事物的相關(guān)句中的事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動詞確定作者的態(tài)度形容

25、詞、副詞或動詞確定作者的態(tài)度； 2）如果問的是對）如果問的是對某一某一具體事物的具體事物的態(tài)度態(tài)度，則可以定位到，則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句具體相關(guān)句， 然后確定答案。然后確定答案。 sample 1 : q： the passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _. a. very clean b. just cleaned by the landlord c. tidy and comfortable d. dirty and full of insects （五）判斷詞義題（五）判斷詞義題 1）the

26、underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _ 2）the word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _ 3）the underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _ 4）which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 猜詞方法猜詞方法: 1）根據(jù)常識、經(jīng)驗猜生詞 。例如： the old man put on hi

27、s spectacles and began to read the door was so low that i hit the head on the lintel 2）根據(jù)上下文解釋做出判斷：其方法主要有： (1)根據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞 。例如： skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully the harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water

28、（glasses） （過梁過梁） （略讀）（略讀） （碼頭）（碼頭） (2)利用事例或解釋猜生詞 。例如： the doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye (3)利用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞 。例如： mr. smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late (4)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷： a),and other germanic and nordic peoples, who spoke what we now call anglo-saxon (or

29、 old english),a germanic language b）the chunnel，a tunnel connecting england and france，is now complete （青光眼）（青光眼） （準(zhǔn)時的）（準(zhǔn)時的） （盎格魯撒克遜語盎格魯撒克遜語） （隧道）（隧道） 3）利用標(biāo)點符號和提示詞猜測詞義 a)one of the obstacles（障礙） to false reading is vocalizing saying the words to themselves in a low voice b)the early scientific study

30、 of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in egypt in the first few centuries a.d 4）根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇 文章中的代詞 it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到 的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代 的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時需要對前面提到 的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。 （發(fā)聲）（發(fā)聲） （煉金術(shù)）（煉金術(shù)） 5) 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷 根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如：but，however，otherwise等 就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句

31、的 含義，來確定另一句的含義。分號（;）還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、 對比或不相干的意義。 he has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated 6) 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷 根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。 biggest power failure in the citys history all of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted （惡化）（惡化） （融化）（融化） 原因原因 結(jié)果結(jié)果 7）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化）進(jìn)行判斷 很多詞可以加前綴和

32、后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個新詞，掌握了 一定的構(gòu)詞法知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。 market research shows that gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete 我們知道，我們知道，prefer的意思是的意思是寧愿；愿意寧愿；愿意，根據(jù)上下文，根據(jù)上下文 可以判斷可以判斷prefer的名詞形式的名詞形式preference的含義應(yīng)是的含

33、義應(yīng)是偏愛；偏愛； 愛好愛好。 偏愛；愛好偏愛；愛好 step3: 猜答案方法猜答案方法 1. 絕對詞否決法絕對詞否決法, 答案項中有絕對語氣詞的一般不是正確 答案項。這些語氣詞有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly 等。 a.she cant attend her nephews wedding party. b.she values the bowl from her mother a lot. c.she is living alone ne

34、ar an art gallery. d.she doesnt care about money any more. 2. 懷疑詞判斷法懷疑詞判斷法：選項中含有不十分肯定的語氣詞一般是 正確答案項。這些語氣詞有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多數(shù)), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。 a. zoo elephants suffer less stress than those in the wild. b.

35、 elephants are quite easy to get obese. c. social lives are not important to elephant. d. zoo life can be stressful to elephatn. 3. 關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)法：關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)法：（等號前是文章中的點，等號后是選項中點）（等號前是文章中的點，等號后是選項中點） (abc=abc法; abc=abc法; abc=cba法; abcabd法) 4. 選項的全面性判斷法全面性判斷法 較全面、有針對性地表達(dá)文章中心思想的，選項一般是答 案項。 a. to be more successful

36、 in his career b. to solve technical problems c. to be more specialized in his field d. to develop his professional skill step4: 長、難句分析法長、難句分析法 sample: twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的臺階) out of four million students taking part in the fifth national hua luogeng gold c

37、up mathematics contest on tuesday evening at jintan county, jiangsu province. 句子核心句子核心 how many？ the result？ doing what? when? where? 1. 翻譯：四百多萬參加“全國第五屆華羅庚數(shù)學(xué)金杯賽” 中的中學(xué)生里有二十個學(xué)生在星期二于江蘇省金壇縣登上 了最高的臺階。 2. 找出謂語動詞是抓住核心的關(guān)鍵 sometimes an animal has a plant partner. the relationship develops until the two partners cannot mana