助動詞與情態(tài)動詞

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)十助動詞與情態(tài)動詞(一)助動詞有be, have, do, will, shal。它們本身沒有詞義，只和實義動詞的一定形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，用來表示時態(tài)和語態(tài)，構(gòu)成否定、疑問及加強語氣 等。1、be (am, is, are, were, been)(l) “ be- i n+g 構(gòu)”成進行時態(tài)；( 2)“be 過+ 去分詞 ”構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)；(3) “ ben動詞不定式”構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語： 表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。 The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 總理將于明年訪問日本。 用于命令。 Youre to do your homewo

2、rk before you watch TV.你得做完了作業(yè)才能看電視。2、have (has, had)(1) “haVe+去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。如：Have you seen the film ?(2) “ have been-in+g 構(gòu)”成完成進行時態(tài)。如：What have you been doing these days?這些日子你一直在干什么 ？3、do (does, did)(1) “ do no動詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動詞的否定式。如：His brother doesn t like playing b；asket.(2) “ Do主語+動詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動詞的一般疑問句。Doe

3、s he go to schoolby bike every day?(3) “ d動詞原形”用于祈使句或陳述句中表示加強語氣。如：I did go to see him, but he was n我確實去看望他了，但他不在家。Do do some work.請一定做點什么；(4) 代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動詞以避免重復(fù)。My mother told me to go to bed early.So I did.4. will, shall (would, should)“ will (shal動詞原形”構(gòu)成一般將來時，一般來說 shall用于第一人稱，will 用于第二人稱或第三人稱，口語中常用wi

4、ll代替shll，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.(二)情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，可以表示 “可能”、 “可以”、 “需要”、 “必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng) ”等之意。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。但不能單獨作 謂語動詞用，必須和不帶 to 的不定式連用構(gòu)成謂語動詞。只有情態(tài)動詞 ought 要和帶 to 的動詞不定式連用，在句中作謂語用。將情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前即構(gòu)成其疑問式，在情態(tài)動詞之后加 not 既構(gòu)成 其否定式?，F(xiàn)將各情態(tài)動詞的基本用法分述如下：1、can 和 could (could 為 can 的過去式 )的

5、基本用法(1) 表示能力，如：He can speak English better than you.(2) 在疑問句和否定句中表示 “懷疑”、 “猜測”或“可能性”，如：Can this green bike be Liu Dongs?表示 許可”時can可以和may換用，如：You can (may) go home now.(4) 如果要表示語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，可用 could代替can,這時could不再是can的過 去式，如：(5) can 和 be able to 都可表示能力,兩者在意思上沒有什么區(qū)別。但是 can 只能有現(xiàn)在式和過去式，而 be able to則有更多的形式，如：He

6、will be able to do the work better.2、may和might (might為may的過去式)的基本用法(1) 表示允許或征詢對方許可,有 “可以 ”之意,如：You may use my dictionary在回答對方說 可以做某事”或 不可以做某事” 時，一般多不用may或may not，以避免語氣生硬或不容氣。而用比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的 說法進行回答。如：- May I use this dicti onary? - Yes,pleas或- Certa in ly.在請求對方許可 時，如果Might I就比用May I語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些，如： May we swim in t

7、his lake? No, you mustn t.It s too dangerous.(2) may或might都可以表示可能性，表示 或許”、可能”之意，如果用 might表示可能性，則語氣更加不肯定，如：They may (might) be in the library now .3、must的基本用法(1) must表示 必須”、應(yīng)該”之意，其否定式must not，縮寫形式為 must nt,表示 不應(yīng)該”，不準(zhǔn)”、不許可”或 禁止”之意，如：We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustnt touch the

8、fire.(2) 對以must提出的疑問句，如作否定回答時，要用need nt或用dont(does nt) have to (不必)來回答，而不用 must nt，因為must nt表示的是 禁止”或不許可 ”之意,如： Mustwe finish the work tomorrow? No, you neednt (dont have to), but you must finish it in three days.(3) 在肯定句中 must 可以表示推測，表示 “一定”或“必定 ”之意，如： Whose new bike can it be? It must be Liu Dongs

9、. I know his father has just bought him anew one.4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法(1) ca n, could后接完成式的用法： 在否定句或疑問句中表示對過去發(fā)生過的事情的 “懷疑”或“不肯定 ”的態(tài) 度，Could he have said so?在肯定句中，可以表示過去可能做到而實際并沒做 到的事情，有 “勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語氣。如： When did you answer herletter? Only yesterday. Its too late. You could have answered it e

10、arlier, I am sure.(2) may, might 后接完成式的用法 表示對過去某事的推測，認(rèn)為某一件事情在過去可能發(fā)生了。如果使用might，語氣就比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before. 可以表示過去本來可以做到 而實際沒有做到的事情，有 “勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語氣，如：You didnt do the work well that day. You might have done it better.(3) must 后接完成式的用法：表示對過去某事的推測，認(rèn)為某事在過去一定做到了，如：Liu Dong

11、 isn t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.5、have to 的基本用法：have to和must的意義相近，只是 must側(cè)重表示說話人的主觀看法，而 have to 則表示客觀需要，如：I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.6、ought to 的基本用法(1) 表示根據(jù)某種義務(wù)或必要 應(yīng)當(dāng)”做某事，語氣比should強，例如：Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.(2) 表示推測，注

12、意與 must 表示推測時的區(qū)別：He must be home by now .(斷定他已到家 )， He ought to be home by now .(不 十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(t匕較直率)，This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄 )；(3) “ ought + have+去分詞”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實際未做。例如：You ought to have helped him. (but you didn 這時，ought 與 should 可以互 相換用。注意，在美國英語中 ought to 用

13、于否定和疑問句時 to 可以省略。例 如：Ought you smoke so much?You oughtn t s moukceh.so7、dare 的基本用法(1) dare (dared 為其過去式 )作情態(tài)動詞用時，主要用于否定句，疑問句和條 件從句中，如：Dared he bread the traffic regulations again?(2) 在現(xiàn)代英語中dare常用作行為動詞，其變化與一般行為動詞相同，如：She dares to stay at home alone at night.8、need 的基本用法(1) need 作情態(tài)動詞用時，主要用于否定句和疑問句中，如

14、：He neednt worry about us now.(2) need 也可作為行為動詞用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句中，其后可 接名詞、代詞、動名詞或帶 to 的動詞不定式為其賓語。如：You need to practise reading aloud every day.(3) neednt 后接完成式可以表示過去做了一件本來不必要做的事情，如：t have Did you answer the letter yesterday? Yes, I did. Butyou needn answered it.9、shall 的基本用法(1)shall 用作情態(tài)動詞時，用于第二、三人稱

15、，表示說活人的意愿，可表示 “命令”、“警告”、“強制”、 “威脅”或“允諾”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.(2)在疑問句中， shall 用于第一、三人稱，表示說話人的征詢對方意見或請 求指示，如：Shall I open the door?10、should 的基本用法(1)should 作為情態(tài)動詞可以表示 “建議”或“勸告 ”，有“應(yīng)該”之意，如：You should learn from each other.(2)should 后接完成式表示過去沒有做到本來應(yīng)該做的事情，或是做了本來 不應(yīng)該做的事情。如：You

16、 should have give him more help.11、will 的基本用法(1)用于各人稱，可以表示 “意志 ”或“決心”，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.(2)在疑問句中用于第二人稱，表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟儐枌Ψ降囊?愿，如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?(3) will 可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動作，有 “總是 ”或“會要”之意，如：Every morning he w

17、ill have a walk along this river.12、would 的基本用法(1)would 作為 will 的過去式，可用于各人稱，表示過去時間的 “意志 ”或“決 心”，如：He promised he would never smoke again.(2)在疑問句中，用于第二人稱，表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟S問對方的 意愿時，比用 will 的氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn)，如：Would you like some more coffee?在日常生活中，學(xué)用“I would like to表示我想要”或 我愿意”之意，以 使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，如：I would like to do Ex.2 f

18、irst.(4) would 可以表示過去的習(xí)慣動作，比 used to 正式，并沒有 “現(xiàn)已無此習(xí) 慣”的含義。如：Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week.(5) 表料想或猜想，如：It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he woul

19、d have told you about it.13、used to, had better, would rather 的用法(1)used to 表示過去的習(xí)慣動作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在已不存在，在間接引語中，其 形式可不變，例如：He told us he used to play foot ball whe n he was young 在疑問句、否定句、否 定疑問句或強調(diào)句中，可有兩種形式。疑問句：Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否 定句：I usedn t to / didn t use t

20、o go there也可ed作 usen )否定疑問句：Usen t you to/ Didn t you use to be interested in the強調(diào)句e?I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago; 其反意疑問 句或簡略回答中，也有兩種形式：She used to be very fat. didn t she?/ use(d)n t she? Did you use to playYes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning?Y

21、es, I did./ used to.(2) had better 意為 “最好 ”，后接不帶 to 的不定式，例如：had better 用于同輩或小輩，對長輩不可用。(3) would rather 意為 “寧愿 ”，表選擇，后接不帶 to 的不定式，例如：I d rather not say anythingW./ ould you rather work on a farm?/Wouldn t yourather stay here?-No, I would not. I d rather 由于heveuld rather 表選擇， 因而后可接than，例如：I would rath

22、er work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I d rather you didn t talk about t句中的ahtyoateer 不是情 態(tài)動詞， would 在此是表愿望的實義動詞 )練習(xí)、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞1. If they to do this work, he might do it so

23、me other way.A. wereB. shouldC. willD. canA. should have sentB. were going to sendC. should be sendingD. should send3. Lets take a walk, ?A. will weB. dont weC. do weD. shall weA. couldB. mightC. shouldD. was able to5. I went to the doctors yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he see me.

24、A. canB. mayC. mightD. could6. this book be yours? No, it not be mine. It be his.A. Can, must, mayB. May, might, mustC. Can, may, mustD. Must, can, may7. We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday. He it. A. mustnt attendB. cant have attendedC. would have not attendedD. need have attendedA. can have

25、missedB. may have missedC. can have lostD. may have lost9. Since the ground is white, it last night.A. had snowedB. must have snowedC. must be snowingD. must have been snowing10. You must be fifty, ?A. mustnt youB. neednt youC. arent youD. mnynt you11. You must have seen him off yesterday, ?A. haven

26、t youB. didnt youC. mustnt youD. neednt you12. That must be a mistake. No .it be.A. cantB. isnt able toC. canD. was able to13. He had known the matter before you told him, so you have told it tohim.A. mustntB. cantC. needntD. shouldnt14. How so?A. dare you to sayB. dare you sayC. do you dare sayD. d

27、are to say15. You are their teacher. You care of them.A. should to takeB. might to takeC. ought to takeD. need to take16. She is studying medical science now but she a lawyer.A. used to beB. would beC. wereD. had beenday.17. If you were in an English-speaking country, you, too, English everyA. will

28、be used to speakB. will be used to speakingC. must be used to speakD. would be used to speaking18. I did not call to make my airline reservation （預(yù)訂 ） but I .A. should have B, may haveC. must haveD. shall have19. As a girl, she get up at six every day.A. wouldB. willC. mightD. should20. Dont you rem

29、ber that we to the cinema tonight?A. would goB. goC. are goingD. will be gone21. Shall I tell John about it? No, you . Ive told him already.A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt22. Would you mind if I open the window? “ ”.A. I dont like itB. Yes .pleaseC. No, pleaseD. No. Im sorry23. Would you tel

30、l me something about the affair?A. Yes .pleaseB. All rightC. Not at allD. I do24. M:?T:Id love to, but Im afraid I have no time.T:Its very nice of you. But Im sorry I have to go to a meeting.A. Do you have lunch out in a restaurantB. Shall I have you with me at my birthdayC. Did you go to see the fi

31、lmD. Have you enjoyed yourself at the partyYes, I . A. ought toB. ought to haveC. oughtD. have ought to26. Would you like to go out for a walk?Yes, . A. Id like toB. Id likeC. Ill like toD. I would27. you succeed !A. CanB. MayC. MustD. Will28. Did he need then?A. leaveB. to leaveC. leavingD. left29. Do you think if he dares in public.A. speakB. speakingC. to speakD.