英語詞匯學(xué)PPT（經(jīng)典實(shí)用）

1、英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lLexicology is the study of form, meaning and behavior of words. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English ) lMorphology(形態(tài)學(xué)), semantics(語義 學(xué)), etymology（詞源學(xué)） lVocabulary（口語化）, lexis（兩者 之間）, lexicon（學(xué)術(shù)味） (詞匯) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1011學(xué)年第二學(xué)期詞匯學(xué)試題類型學(xué)年第二學(xué)期詞匯學(xué)試題類型 lI. Explain the following terms. (20 points)

2、lII. Complete the following statements or passages with lproper expressions according to the text. (10 points) lIII. Fill in each blank with a word contrary in meaning to the word given in the bracket. (10 points) lIV. Complete the following idioms. (10 points) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lV. Fill in the blanks with t

3、he following verbal phrases in their suitable forms. (20 points) lVI. Express the following in one compound word. (10 points) lVII. Answer the following questions. (20 points) lI. Explain the following terms. l homonym compounding connotative meaning lMorpheme blending initialism antonymy synonym de

4、notative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lVII. Answer the following questions. l1. How do you define antonyms? l2. What is the difference between conversion and suffixation? l3. What do we mean by literary and common words? l4. What is the

5、difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning? l5. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affix? 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? l7. Why should we give primary importance to denotative meaning of words? l8. What is the dif

6、ference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms? l9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning. l10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features? 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lA General Survey of English Vocabulary 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1.The Development of the English vocabulary l2

7、. Classification of English words according to different criteria l3. Varieties of English l4. Classification of languages 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lDefinition of Word Bloomfield: some linguistic forms, which we call bound forms are never used as sentences. -ess; -ish;-s Free form: two or more lesser free forms Poo

8、r John lFrench linguist, Antoine Meillet A word is defined by the association of a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT llexicon (詞匯): lthe vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge, leg. the size of the English lexicon 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lEntry (詞條): lan item writte

9、n or printed in a diary, list, account book, or reference book. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l a basic lexical unit of a language consisting of one word or several words, the elements of which do not separately convey the meaning of the whole. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lIn brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech an

10、d a minimum free form, with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.詞是語言組織中的基本 單位，能獨(dú)立運(yùn)用的，具有聲音 、意義 和語法功能。 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1.1. English vocabulary as viewed in the historical perspective 1.1.1Old English (449/450 1100) Anglo-Saxon

11、 (古英語)(50,000-60,000 words) 1.1.2Middle English (1100 - 1500) strong influence of French (中古英語) 1.1.3Early Modern English (1500 - 1700 ) (早期現(xiàn)代英語) Renaissance Latin Greek 1.1.4Late Modern English (1700 Pres.) (后期現(xiàn)代英語) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(“the Anglo-Saxon Period”) l1.1.1.1Background l1.1.1.2 Characteristics of

12、 OE 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lPaleolithic Man l3000 BC, Iberians - Neolithic l500 BC, Celts l55BC 410 AD, the Roman occupation l55BC: Julius Caesar l43AD: Emperor Claudius l - The Roman Conquest羅馬人的征服 l410 AD, the fall of the Roman Empire 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l449AD, Invasion of Angles, Saxons abbot, alter, candle, disciple, h

13、ymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1.1.2.1 Background l1.1.2.2 Characteristics of ME 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lThe Norman Conquest: l 1066.1 King Edward

14、1066.9.28 William 1066.10 Hastings William I, William the Conqueror William I (1066-1100) l -House of Normandy (諾曼底王朝) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lHenry I (1100-1135) Henry II (1154-1189) l - House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝) John (1199-1216) Henry III (1216-1272) Edward III (1327-1377) - Black Death l1337-1454: The Hundre

15、d Years War Richard II (1377-1400) Henry IV (1399-1413) l - House of Lancaste（蘭加斯特王朝） 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1455-1485: The Wars of the Roses Edward IV (1461-1483) l - House of York （約克王朝） Edward V (1483-1483) Richard III (1483-1485) Henry VII (1485-1509) l - House of Tudor （都鐸王朝） lCoexistence of three languages

16、 French + English + Latin lEnglish: 1204， 1399， 1404 Chaucer, the Bible 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1) Dialects l2) Spelling and Pronunciation l3) Grammar l4) Loan Words 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lNorthern Dialect East Midland Dialect West Midland Dialect Southern Dialect 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT le.g. ,th, a, ou (hshous), l hwwh, cwqu, scsh/sch -e

17、not pronounced letter j from French, lclear l,r; -gh-, -gn-, -kn-. “knight” lFormation of Standard Pronunciation: lend of 14th C- 15th C lBased on East Midland Dialect (esp. London dialect) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lNouns, Adjectives, Articles(s,se,t) (OE) e (Later written as the); t(OE) that; “a/an” appeared Verbs

18、(Most verbs turned to be regular. ) Significance: (a) Importance of Word Order (b) Nature of English : from synthetic language to analytic language 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(a）Fr. French lThe Romanization of English Loss of a large part of the OE word- stock l(b) Fr. Latin l Two ways: directly into English l into

19、English via French. (c) Affixes of French and Latin. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(d) Significance: l -modification of meaning le.g. beef, mutton, pork : l牛、羊、豬(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、豬肉(E.) l-synonyms le.g. l W. fr. OE W. fr. Fr. W. fr. Latin fire flame conflagration l ask inquire interrogate 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1.1.3.1Background l1.1.3.2

20、Characteristics of Early Modern E 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1) 1492, Christopher Columbus, 90 sailors/3 sails 1519-1522, Ferdinand Magellan London as the world trade centre 2) Enclosure Movement 3) The Renaissance 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l4) Brief History 1603, Death of Elizabeth I, l James VI of Scotland James I(1603-1625) - Hou

21、se of l Stuart(斯圖亞特王朝) 1653, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protect (1653-1658) - the Commonwealth（共和政體） 1660, Charles II(1660-1685)- Restoration of the House of Stuart （斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟） James II (1685-1688) William III and Mary II(1689-1702) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1) Spelling and Pronunciation l2) Vocabulary and Grammar l3) In

22、fluence of Renaissance on l English 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(a) Spelling tended to be uniformed(mid 17th C) and take the present form. Edward Phillips: The New World of English Words(1658) (b) Change of Short Vowels. a: (letter a) (cat , thank, flax) u (mostly letter u) (cut, sun, us, love) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(c) Change o

23、f Long Vowels - the Great Vowel shift l (元音大變動(dòng) 1500-1750） l ME EModE l e: i: l i: eiai l a: ei l : ou l o: u: l u: uau 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(d) Change of Consonants Change of h; Loss of w l in consonant clusters Introduction of (e) Discordance between Spelling and Pronunciation e.g. i: ea(leaf), ee (sheep), e(

24、fever), ie(thief), ei(either), ey(key), ay(quay) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(a) Interchange of features of speech. l adj. adv./n./v. n. v. eg. l(fr. Antony and Clepoatra by Shakespeare) l- He words me, girls, he words me - a hand that kings have lippd, and trembled kissing. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(b) Continuous loss of inflectio

25、ns. n. : plural: -(e)s (Some n) possessive: s l - the writer of the books ambition - the king of Englands nose adj.: -er, -est or more, most pron.: thou, thy, theeye, your, you l you, your, you “its”, “who” came into existence. v.: third sing.： eth -s 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(c) Establishment of Word Order 詞序位置的固

26、定是 中古英語過渡到 現(xiàn)代英語的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。 主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語 定語 名詞 e.g. “是我。” lOE: ic hit eom (I it am.) lME: Hit am I (It am I ) l Chaucers time: It am I. lEModE: It is me. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(d) Difference in vocabulary e.g. l climate : country circumstance: ado, fuss, ceremony address: to prepare , to get ready enlarge: release 英語詞匯

27、學(xué)PPT l(a) On formality of the English Language l(b) On Literature. Drama, Shakespeare. e.g. Shylock, pound of flesh, the salt of youth, Cordelias gift. l(c) On vocabulary. (Borrowed words) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l(c) On vocabulary. (Borrowed words) lLatin and Greek: arbiter, genius, ignoramus, census, maximum; -i

28、sm, -ist, -ize, anti-,co- ,de-, ex-,inter-,pre-,pro-. From French: alloy, bizarre, comrade, detail, duel, vogue, surpass. From other languages: armada, banana, cocoa, hurricane(fr. Spanish) balcony, design, portico, colcano (fr. Italian) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT 1.1.4.1Background 1.1.4.2 Characteristics of Late Mod

29、ernE 1.1.4.3 The rapid growth of present day English 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1) The 18th C Society 1688 Enlighttment, the Age of Reason Novelists: Defoe, Swift, Fielding l Poets: Blake, Burns. 2) The 19th C to Date Industrialization l Technological development 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1) Prescription of English l2) Grammar Stud

30、y l3) Vocabulary l4) Pronunciation 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lLearned thinkers and authors who wrote in Latin. 1729, Thomas Cooke： Proposals for Perfecting the English Language. 1755, Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lVariety of grammar books. From the viewpoint of prescriptivism. e.g.

31、Id rather: I had rather I would rather It is me It is I. I/we shall, you/he/she/they will. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l2nd influx of Fr. Vocabulary: effect of the Restoration of the House of Stuart. lLoan words from colonies and other countries. Varieties of Ways of Enlarging Vocabulary -In form: affixation, compound

32、ing, conversion, blending, backformation. -In meaning: extension, narrowing, transference, elevation, degradation. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lPetty modification of some phonemes in standard pronunciation. e.g. unstressed i, e in ei ,o in ou. Word stress: l ally ally, l laboratory laboratory 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1.2.1 Marked pr

33、ogress of science and technology eg unclear bomb computer science l1.2.2 Socio-economic, political and cultural change eg social habits living condition l1.2.3 The influence of other cultures and languages 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l2.1 by origin: native words and loan words fundamental features of the basic word st

34、ock lNational character lStability lWord-forming ability (1)Ability to form collocations 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l2.2.1 common words l2.2.2 literary words l2.2.3 colloquial words l2.2.4 slang words l2.2.5 technical words 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l2.3.1 function words determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so fo

35、rth 2.3.2 content words 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lDeterminer(限定詞 ) Pronoun代詞 Preposition介詞 Conjunction連接詞 Auxiliary verb助動(dòng)詞 Interjection感嘆詞 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lNoun名詞 Verb動(dòng)詞 Adjective形容詞 Adverb副詞 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l3.1 General View （概述） 3.2 American English（美國英語） 3.3 Difference between Br.E and Am.E l (英國英語和美國英語的差別) 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lBritish

36、 English American English Scottish English Canadian English Australian English New Zealand English 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l3.2.1 lBackground l3.2.2 lCharacteristics of American English 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lEngland, The Queen of the Seas l1607, the first colony, Jamestown l1620, the first pilgrims. Plymouth l1607-1733, 13 co

37、lonies 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1607-1733, 13 colonies: l Virginia (1607), Massachusetts (1630), lMaryland (1632), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1638), North Carolina (1663), lNew York (1664), New Jersey (1664), lSouth Carolina (1670), lNew Hampshire (1679), lPennsylvania (1682)， lDelaware (1703), lGeorgia（173

38、3） 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1765. 10 1773 1774.9 1776.7.4. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l1) Archaism l2) Heterogeneity l3) Creativeness 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l17th C British English le.g. In grammar: gotten, In pronunciation: r, 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lFrom Indian: raccoon, squash. (anglicize) From French: prairie, pumpkin, caribou, rapids. From German: noodle, sauerkraut. From Dutch: Santa Claus, boss, bedspread, dumb, sleigh. From Spanish: cockroach, patio, plaza, ranch. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT lTo name new things: lground hog, bullfrog, sweet potato, lynch. 英語詞匯學(xué)PPT l3.3.1 In Pronunciation 3.3.2 In Grammar l3.3