[專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料]專業(yè)八級(jí)分類模擬151

1、專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料專業(yè)八級(jí)分類模擬151專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料專業(yè)八級(jí)分類模擬151專業(yè)八級(jí)分類模擬151LISTENING COMPREHENSIONThe Skills Required to Get a Job . Academic skills: 1 1. Communication skills Understand and speak the languages in 2 Be 3 Read written materials 4 2. Thinking skills Think 5 and act logically e.g. technology, physical scien

2、ce, the arts, skilled trades, social science, etc. 3. Learning skills e.g. learn to use 6 after a few tutorials . Personal 7 skills: combination of attitudes, skills and behaviors 1. Positive attitudes and behaviors Have 8 and confidence Be honest, have integrity and 9 Have positive attitudes toward

3、 work, learning, etc. Be energetic and 10 2. Responsibility Set goals and priorities Plan and manage time, money, etc. 3. Adaptability Have a positive attitude toward 11 in the job . Teamwork skills: skills to 12 co-operatively 1. Importance of teamwork Bring more resources to the problem situation

4、Be more 13 and morale boosting than individual work 2. How to improve teamwork skills Involved in the group Be 14 and listen to others Be a leader rather than a(n) 15 . (如需獲取本MP3聽力錄音請(qǐng)搜索標(biāo)題名) 1.答案:basic foundation原力原文 The Skills Required to Get a Job Good morning, everyone. In todays lecture, I will t

5、alk about the skills required to get a good job. Well, it is true that now competition for employment is more so than ever. So it begs the obvious question, how do you stand out? There will be three main points I will be discussing. They are academic, personal management, and teamwork skills. I will

6、 give you examples of these skills, and reasons why these skills are important for you to get a job. First of all, academic skills. Academic skills are probably the most important skill you will need to get a job. It is one of the or the first thing an employer looks for in an employee. They are ski

7、lls which give you the basic foundation to acquire, hold on to, and advance in a job, and to achieve the best results. Academic skills can be further divided into three sub-groups: communication, thinking, and learning skills. Communication skills require you to understand and speak the languages in

8、 which business is conducted. You must be a good listener, and be able to understand things easily. One of the most important communicating skills should be reading. You should be able to comprehend and use written materials including things such as graphs, charts, and displays. One of the newest th

9、ings we can add to communicating skills would be the Internet, since it is so widely used all around the world, and hence you should have a good understanding of what it is and how to use it. Then, thinking skills. Thinking critically and acting logically to evaluate situations will get you far in y

10、our job. Thinking skills consist of things such as solving mathematical problems, using new technology, instruments, tools, and information systems effectively. Some examples of these would be technology, physical science, the arts, skilled trades, social science, and much more. After that, learning

11、 is very important for any job. For example, if your company gets some new software, you must be able to learn how to use it quickly and effectively after a few tutorials. You must continue doing this for the rest of your career. It is one thing that will always be useful in any situation, not just

12、jobs. The second major job skill I want to discuss is management skills. Personal management skill is the combination of attitudes, skills, and behaviors required to get, keep, and progress on a job and to achieve the best results. Personal management skills can be further divided into three sub-gro

13、ups just as academic skills, which are positive attitudes and behaviors, responsibility, and adaptability. Positive attitudes and behaviors are also very important to keep a job. You must have good self-esteem and confidence in yourself. You must be honest, have integrity, and personal ethics. You m

14、ust show your employer you are happy at what you are doing and have positive attitudes toward learning, growth, and personal health. Show energy and persistence to get the job done, these can help you to get promoted or a raise. Responsibility and adaptability are also essential. Responsibility is t

15、he ability to set goals and priorities in work and personal life. It is the ability to plan and manage time, money, and other resources to achieve goals, and accountability for actions taken. While adaptability means having a positive attitude toward changes in your job, and recognition of respect f

16、or peoples diversity and individual differences. Creativity is also important. You must have the ability to identify and suggest new ideas to get the job done. Last but not least, I want to emphasize teamwork skills. Employers now focus on employees teamwork skills simply because teams can bring mor

17、e talent, experience, knowledge and skill to the problem situation and teamwork can be more satisfying and morale boosting for people than working alone. There are two reasons. First, team recommendations are more likely to be carded out than recommendations by an individual because people are more

18、willing to support an effort that they have helped to develop. Second, teams can react to a variety of problems that are beyond the technical competence of an individual, since teams can be composed of individuals cross department and division lines. Teamwork skills are those skills needed to work w

19、ith others co-operatively on a job and to achieve the best results. You should show your employer youre able to work with others, understand and contribute to the organizations goals. Involve yourself in the group, make good decisions with others and support the outcomes. Dont be narrow-minded, list

20、en to what others have to say and give your thoughts toward their comments. Be a leader not a loner in the group. In conclusion, I would like to say that all these skills I have discussed are critical to getting and keeping a job and to achieve the best results possible for you. Of these skills thou

21、gh academic skills would be the most important skills you will learn, I think. So if you keep at these skills you will be happy with what you are doing unlike a lot of people who are forced to get jobs that they do not like. After you get a desirable job, here comes the second question on how to adv

22、ance in the job you have already acquired. Of course this is the topic we shall discuss in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention. 2.答案:workplace解析 講座的主題是“the skills required to get a good job(獲得好工作的技能)”。其中第一點(diǎn)是academic skills，它包括communication skills、thinking skills和learning skills。演講人認(rèn)為，comm

23、unication skills要求人們?cè)诠ぷ鲌?chǎng)合(in which business is conducted)能夠聽懂并運(yùn)用語言。根據(jù)題目要求，每個(gè)空格最多填3個(gè)單詞，故將in which business is conducted濃縮為workplace一詞。3.答案:a good listener解析 在談到communication skills時(shí)，演講人認(rèn)為你必須是個(gè)好的傾聽者，能夠很容易地理解事情，空格前已給出來be，故應(yīng)填入a good listener。4.答案:Use the Internet解析 演講人在談?wù)揷ommunication skills的最后一個(gè)方面時(shí)提到了I

24、nternet。并認(rèn)為，Internet是可以作為一個(gè)添加在溝通技巧中的新內(nèi)容。根據(jù)題目規(guī)律，空格處應(yīng)填一個(gè)動(dòng)賓短語，故填Use the Internet。5.答案:critically解析 在談到thinking skills時(shí)，演講人提到，用批判式思考和邏輯行為來評(píng)估形勢(shì)能讓你在工作中走得更遠(yuǎn)。題目中已給出act logically，故填與think搭配的critically。6.答案:some new software解析 講座提到，學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)任何工作來講都是非常重要的，接著舉例，如果你的公司到了一些新軟件，依照指南你應(yīng)該能夠迅速地學(xué)會(huì)如何使用它，句子中的it指的就是前半句提到的some n

25、ew software，故為答案。7.答案:management解析 講座的第二點(diǎn)為personal management，這在講座一開始便提到，隨后在講座中也再次提及，此題不難。表示順序或?qū)哟蔚脑~句后是要點(diǎn)，當(dāng)聽到The second major job skill.時(shí)就要立刻做記錄。8.答案:good self-esteem解析 積極的態(tài)度和行為對(duì)維持一項(xiàng)工作也是非常重要的，你必須有自尊和自信，空格處要填入和confidence并列的詞，故應(yīng)填入good self-esteem。9.答案:personal ethics解析 在談到positive attitudes and behavio

26、rs時(shí)，演講者認(rèn)為除了自尊和自信外，還應(yīng)誠實(shí)、正直、有道德。題目已給出前兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，故應(yīng)填入personal ethics。10.答案:persistent解析 在談到positive attitudes and behaviors時(shí)，演講者最后提到要展現(xiàn)活力和耐力來完成工作。空格處應(yīng)填入與energetic并列的形容詞，故將原文中的persistence改為persistent。11.答案:changes解析 在談到adaptability時(shí)，演講人稱，適應(yīng)性意味著對(duì)工作的變化持樂觀態(tài)度。對(duì)應(yīng)題目，填changes。12.答案:work with others解析 對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)技能的定義是：是需要和

27、別人一起工作以取得最佳效果的技能。故應(yīng)填入原文中needed to后面的內(nèi)容，即為work with others。13.答案:satisfying解析 講座的第三點(diǎn)為teamwork skills。講座分別從其重要性和如何提升團(tuán)隊(duì)技能兩方面討論。在談到重要性時(shí)說到，團(tuán)隊(duì)技能能給團(tuán)隊(duì)帶來更多的才能、經(jīng)驗(yàn)等資源，還能讓團(tuán)隊(duì)更令人滿意、士氣更為高漲?？崭裉幦鄙俚氖莝atisfying一詞。14.答案:open-minded解析 在提到提升團(tuán)隊(duì)技能時(shí)，演講人呼吁dont be narrow-minded，題目空格前為Be，故填入open-minded。15.答案:loner解析 演講者還呼吁，be

28、a leader not a loner in the group，題目中的rather than對(duì)應(yīng)原文的not，填loner。Different Types of Learning . The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B. 16 of subjects changing behavior C. A process of recognizing how 17 . Two basic stages of learning A. 18 : grad

29、ual process with trial and error B. Maintenance: acting on the new information 19 . Four types of learning A. Instrumental or 20 The common one in dog training Behavior produces event which can be a(n) 21 or negative experience Dogs 22 when rewarded by the experience Humans get burned when touching

30、a hot stove Events/consequences change the behavior B. Classical/respondent 23 Learning that things go together Dogs begin 24 when hearing the bell rings The first form of learning is 25 For humans, its likely to rain when its cloudy C. 26 learning Also called single event learning Events are 27 Dog

31、s wont perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise People get 28 to noises D. Social learning As a result of being in social groups Chimpanzees learning how to 29 by watching People learn from others Frequently occurs in a situation of 30 or being dynamic (如需獲取本MP3聽力錄音請(qǐng)搜索標(biāo)題名) 16.答案:consequence/res

32、ult原力原文 Different Types of Learning Good morning, everybody. Today, Im going to talk about learning. Lets start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an as

33、sociation between events, and as a consequence the subjects behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, learning is the process of recognizing how a living beings actions change its environment, other beings actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish! There are two ba

34、sic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none; rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase trial and error. Once armed with new informat

35、ion, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage. Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical condition

36、ing, non-associative learning, and social learning. Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An ev

37、ent can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garba

38、ge, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, well get burned. If we put on a raincoat, well stay dry. This form of learning is char

39、acterized by Thorndikes Law of Effect. The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct. Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is in

40、creasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli su

41、ch as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they beg

42、an salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learni

43、ng demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors. Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single e

44、vent learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will n

45、ot respond when it hears this noise; however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness

46、 of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you wont even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events. Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of be

47、ing in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use t

48、ools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic. To sum up briefly, t

49、oday weve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope youve enjoyed this lecture. 解析 講座的主題是“l(fā)earning(學(xué)習(xí))”，講座人認(rèn)為learning是a process where a living being experience

50、s. a consequence the subjects behavior changes.，可知答案為consequence。表示定義的詞句是重點(diǎn)，特別是涉及講話人觀點(diǎn)或關(guān)鍵概念的定義，做筆記時(shí)要對(duì)其重視。此題也可填入consequence的同義詞result。17.答案:action changes environment解析 在講到學(xué)習(xí)的定義時(shí)，講座后來又給出了更簡(jiǎn)單的說法，學(xué)習(xí)是認(rèn)識(shí)到人的行為是如何改變環(huán)境還有其他人的行為等等的過程，把原文中how后面的句子進(jìn)行總結(jié)，可以得出答案為action changes environment。18.答案:Acquisition解析 此題開始具

51、體分述學(xué)習(xí)的兩個(gè)基本階段。錄音材料提到學(xué)習(xí)分為兩個(gè)基本階段：前者為acquisition，由此可知答案。由B點(diǎn)的Maintenance可知A點(diǎn)為另一個(gè)階段Acquisition，注意首字母應(yīng)大寫。19.答案:appropriately解析 錄音材料提到“一旦具備了新信息，就會(huì)在適當(dāng)(appropriate)的時(shí)候使用”，由此可知答案為appropriately。要點(diǎn)提示詞once后的信息?？?，筆記中應(yīng)特別注意。根據(jù)考題空格前的詞可知，空白處應(yīng)填入修飾acting的副詞，故將詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。20.答案:operant learning解析 講到四種學(xué)習(xí)類型時(shí)，第一種為instrumental lear

52、ning，后面用了一個(gè)非限制性定語從句來解釋它，說更眾所周知的就是operant conditioning(操控反射)，后面一個(gè)句子也提到如果你訓(xùn)練過狗的話，操控反射可能是你很熟悉的一種形式，所以答案為operant learning。21.答案:rewarding/beneficial/positive解析 此題具體談?wù)撍姆N學(xué)習(xí)方式中的第一種類型。錄音原文“這一事件可以是正面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，也可以是反面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，由此可知答案為rewarding，或beneficial，positive。如沒聽清原文，可由空格后的negative推測(cè)與之反義的答案positive或beneficial。22.答案:r

53、epeat the behavior解析 如果你的狗突襲了垃圾，因此舉被美食獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，那它很可能會(huì)重復(fù)這個(gè)行為，故應(yīng)填入repeat the behavior。23.答案:conditioning解析 此題談?wù)摰诙N類型。根據(jù)錄音原文“Classical conditioning是另一種越來越流行的學(xué)習(xí)模式”，可知答案為conditioning。此題作為四種類型中的第二種，文中多次提及，考生應(yīng)記錄其內(nèi)容。24.答案:salivating解析 此題通過對(duì)動(dòng)物狗的實(shí)驗(yàn)，舉例說明學(xué)習(xí)的第二種類型。錄音中提到狗在渴望食物時(shí)會(huì)分泌唾液(salivate)，可知答案為salivating。注意begin后接動(dòng)

54、詞-ing或to do形式，根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)填入salivating。25.答案:demonstrated experimentally解析 命名為Classical conditioning的原因是它是第一個(gè)以試驗(yàn)方法來論證的學(xué)習(xí)方式，所以答案為demonstrated experimentally。26.答案:Non-associative解析 此題談?wù)撍姆N學(xué)習(xí)方式中的第三種類型。根據(jù)錄音原文Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning.可知答案為Non-associative。關(guān)于主題的分項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是?？贾?/p>

55、處，另外，材料中多次提及non-associative learning，筆記當(dāng)然不能漏。同時(shí)要注意首字母大寫。27.答案:unrelated/irrelevant解析 錄音中具體提到“此類的學(xué)習(xí)涉及了許多不相關(guān)的事項(xiàng)”，可知答案為unrelated或irrelevant。細(xì)心的考生可能會(huì)將unrelated和irrelevant都記錄筆記中，此題填入其中之一便可。28.答案:habituated/used/accustomed解析 此題通過列舉人們睡覺時(shí)對(duì)噪音的反應(yīng)，說明學(xué)習(xí)的第三種類型。錄音中提到“幾天之后你會(huì)習(xí)慣(habituated)這些噪音，而且不久后，你甚至?xí)杏X不到它們的存在?！痹賹?duì)照題目可知答案為habituated。涉及列舉的例子，是?？贾帲犚魰r(shí)不應(yīng)忽視。另外根據(jù)上下文，也可填入used或accustomed等詞。29.答案:use tools解析 此題通過黑猩猩的行為，舉例說明學(xué)習(xí)方式中的第四種類型。錄音中提到“黑猩猩能夠通過觀察種群中長者們?nèi)绾问褂霉ぞ邅韺W(xué)會(huì)這一技能?！庇纱丝芍鸢笧閡se tools。本題屬于細(xì)節(jié)題，涉及列舉的例子，是?？贾?，聽音時(shí)應(yīng)給予注意。30.答案:social hierarchy解析 講座的最后提到社交學(xué)習(xí)最經(jīng)常發(fā)生在存在著某種社會(huì)階層的場(chǎng)合，故應(yīng)填入social hierarch