現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的七種用法（一）作定語1. 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞單獨(dú)作定語，通常放在所修飾詞前。例如：the sleeping boy is tom.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語放在所修飾詞的后面，意思同定語從句差不多。例 如 ：tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.3. 現(xiàn)在分詞可相當(dāng)于非限制性定語，常用逗號(hào)分開。例如：tom, wearing beautiful clothes, fo

2、llowed me down the hill. = tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.4. 有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞作定語。例如：this is an english-speaking country.1 / 31（二）作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語的特征。如 amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如：the story is moving.（三）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這時(shí)現(xiàn)在

3、分詞和前面的賓語有邏輯 上的“主表”關(guān)系或“主謂”關(guān)系。例如：we all found his equipment interesting. (主表關(guān)系)i saw mary going upstairs then. (主謂關(guān)系)（四）作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語一般是句中的主語，如果不是，需在 v-ing 形式前加名詞或代詞主格作邏輯主語。1. 作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句。例如：2 / 312. 作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句。例如：如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，常在現(xiàn)在分詞前加 上 when 或 while。例如：while waiting for the pla

4、ne, i had a long talk with simon.3. 作條件狀語。v-ing 形式作條件狀語時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。例如：working harder, youll be no. 1 in your class.4. 作讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語從句。例如：weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.5. 作結(jié)果狀語。例如：he died, leaving nothing but debts.3 / 316. 作伴隨狀語或方式狀語。例如：he sat by the roadside, b

5、egging.（五）現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示它發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例 如 ：having finished his homework, he left the classroom.（六） 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用 v-ing 形式的被動(dòng)式。例如：the factory being built now is a big one.（七） 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定形式是由“not + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如： not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.過去分詞的用法一1. 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作表語,與句

6、子主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示主語的狀 態(tài),既表示被動(dòng),又表示完成.(1)_ the cup is broken. 茶杯破了.4 / 312. 不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài), 只表示動(dòng)作的完成.(2) he is retired. 他已退休.3. 有些過去分詞作表語時(shí),構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).(3)_the city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座 xx 三面環(huán)山.過去分詞作表語【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別:過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主 語的狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作.(1) the cup w

7、as broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎 的.(是被動(dòng)語態(tài),表示動(dòng)作)(2) the library is now closed. 圖書館關(guān)門了.(過去分詞作表語)【注意】過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成, -ing 形式表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行.有些動(dòng)詞如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用 -ing 形式來修飾物.(3) the book is interesting and im interested in it. 這本書很有趣,我對(duì)它很感 興趣.過去分詞作定語作

8、定語用的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動(dòng) 詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動(dòng)又表完成;不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完 成.1. 過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個(gè)的,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前.we must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思 想適應(yīng)改變了的情況.5 / 312. 過去分詞短語用作定語時(shí),一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一 個(gè)定語從句,但較從句簡(jiǎn)潔,多用于書面語 xx.the concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行

9、的音樂會(huì)大為成 功.3. 過去分詞短語有時(shí)也可用作非限制性定語,前后常有逗號(hào).3. 用來修飾人的過去分詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在 形式上雖不直接修飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關(guān).(2) the boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而 視.過去分詞作狀語1. 過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動(dòng)的和完成的動(dòng)作.(1) written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因?yàn)閷懙么颐?這篇文章不 是很好.【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章

10、是被寫的,而且已經(jīng)被寫. 值得注意的是,有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語時(shí)不表被動(dòng)而表主動(dòng).這樣 的過去分詞及短語常見的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (駐扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩).(2) lost / absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因?yàn)槌聊缬谒伎?之中,所以他沒聽到那個(gè)聲音.2. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時(shí)應(yīng)注意人稱一致

11、.(1) given another hour, i can also work out this problem.再給我一個(gè)小時(shí),我也能解這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語為 主句主語 i ,即 i 被再給一個(gè)小時(shí).)(2)_ seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.6 / 31從山頂看 xx,xx 顯得更漂亮.(seen 為過去分詞作狀語,表被看,由語境可知, 它的邏輯主語必須是 xx,而不是我們,因?yàn)槲覀儜?yīng)主動(dòng)看 xx.)【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時(shí),前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主

12、語就不再是分 詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).(1) the signal given, the bus started. 信號(hào)一發(fā)出,汽車就開動(dòng)了.(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 the bus 就不是 given 的邏輯主語.(2) her head held high, she went by. 她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去.(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 she 就不再是 held high 的邏輯主 語.)3. 過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句.(1) caught in a he

13、avy rain, he was all wet. 因?yàn)榱芰艘粓?chǎng)大雨,所以他全身濕透 了. (caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源于原因狀語從句 because he was caught in a heavy rain.)(1) _grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里,這些 種子能長(zhǎng)得很快.( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從 句 if these seeds are grown in rich soil.【注意】狀語從句改成過

14、去分詞作狀語時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞,構(gòu)成連詞+過 去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語.when given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí) 要保持鎮(zhèn)定.4. 過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,后面有逗號(hào)與 主句隔開;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開.he stood there silently, moved to tears. = moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那里,被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶.過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語7 / 31(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有

15、以下三類:1. 表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think 等.(1) i heard the song sung in english. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞 sung 的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作 heard;)(1) _he found his hometown greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大.(過去 分詞 changed 的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作 found)2. 表示致使意義的動(dòng)詞.如:have, make, get, keep,

16、 leave 等.(1) ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理發(fā).(2) he got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.(3) dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.【注意】過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系.(二)使役動(dòng)詞 have 接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況.1. 過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人完成.(1) he had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了.(被別人偷去了)2. 過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.如:(2) he had

17、 his leg broken.他的腿斷了. (自己的經(jīng)歷)with +賓語+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)with +賓語+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞用作介詞 with 的賓語補(bǔ)足語.這一 結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時(shí)間,方式,條件,原因等狀語.例如:(1) the murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶 進(jìn)來了,他的雙手被綁在背后.(表方式)8 / 31(2) with water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加熱,我們就會(huì)看到水蒸 氣.(表?xiàng)l件)(3) with the matter s

18、ettled, we all went home. 事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因)(4) _she stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼 睛注視著他.(4) he stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會(huì)兒. 1.你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)穿著紅衣服的婦女嗎2. 舒服地坐在椅子上,他在沉思.3. 對(duì)于昨天發(fā)生的事故,我很震驚.4. 給予更多的關(guān)心的話,這些樹會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好.5. 他作了自我介紹,以便使自己被大家認(rèn)識(shí).6. 昨天,我把衣服讓

19、人洗了.7. 上周一,我看到你兄弟被一個(gè)陌生人打了.8. 將書合上背誦這篇課文.9. 我提高了聲音以便使自己被聽見.10. 如果被問及,你不要說我在家里.11. 你參加了昨天舉行的會(huì)議嗎12. 從 xx 引進(jìn)的這些種子已經(jīng)壞了.13. 我想把這 xx 寄出去.14. 女工人將頭發(fā)扎在后面來上班.15. 我們沒有足夠的食物吃的日子一去部復(fù)返了.9 / 3116. 我們必須適應(yīng)改變了的形式.17. 用所給的動(dòng)詞寫出兩個(gè)句子.18. 他們?cè)诳醋闱虮荣?興奮而又滿意.19. 他說爬山很累.但是我一點(diǎn)也不累.20. 即使在森林里迷路了,他也不擔(dān)心. 二（一）分詞的作用現(xiàn)在分詞可用于：構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)。e.g.

20、 we are studying english.當(dāng)副詞作狀語。e.g. the children came, singing and dancing.當(dāng)形容詞作定語、xx 和表語。e.g. falling leaves danced in the air.i saw many birds flying along the river.the story is very moving.10 / 31過去分詞可用于：構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。 e.g. the play had begun when we arrived there.構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。e.g. english is widely spoken i

21、n the world.當(dāng)副詞作狀語。e.g. seen here, the city looks more beautiful.當(dāng)形容詞作定語、xx 和表語。e.g. a boy named tomi saw the girl killed with my own eyes.im interested in english.（二）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的兩大差別1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的最大差別在語態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，過去分詞 表被動(dòng)。11 / 312. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的第二大差別在時(shí)態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行，過去分 詞表完成。3. 把握主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系的兩個(gè)前提1）弄清動(dòng)詞的確切含義。不少主、被

22、動(dòng)關(guān)系判斷錯(cuò)誤都是由于沒弄清動(dòng)詞 的確切含義造成的。wrong: girls frighten snakes.right: girls fear snakes./ snakes frighten girls.牢記: tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat, puzzle, ect. 只能作及物動(dòng)詞，都有“使動(dòng)”的特點(diǎn)，都含“使”之 義。2）能熟練判斷分詞的邏輯主語。即 xx 與哪個(gè)詞去構(gòu)成主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系。分詞的邏輯主語邏輯主語就是與分詞具有主、被動(dòng)關(guān)

23、系的名詞或代詞。它既可能是句子主 語，又可能是句中賓語，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是動(dòng)作行為的發(fā)出12 / 31者，也有可能是動(dòng)作行為的承受者。那種認(rèn)為邏輯主語就是動(dòng)作行為的發(fā)出者 的理解是片面的。分詞的邏輯主語的位置不是固定不變的, 而是“活”的隨著分詞所作語法 成分的不同，其邏輯主語位置也不同，所以確定邏輯主語前首先要確定分詞的 語法成分。（1）作狀語時(shí)the students 是 seeing 的邏輯主語heated, the metal expands. the metal 是 heated 的邏輯主語結(jié)論：分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語是句子主語。（2）作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)i saw him read

24、ing last night. him 是 reading 的邏輯主語his wife found his hair dyed black. hair 是 dyed 的邏輯主語13 / 31結(jié)論：分詞作賓補(bǔ)，其邏輯主語是句子賓語。（3）作表語時(shí)the film is moving. the film 是 moving 的邏輯主語the visitors looked surprised.the visitors 是 surprised 的邏輯主語結(jié)論：分詞作表語，其邏輯主語是句子主語。（4）作定語時(shí)this is an interesting book. book 是 interesting

25、的邏輯主語the moved children looked serious.children 是 moved 的邏輯主語結(jié)論：分詞作定語，其邏輯主語是被修飾詞（即中心詞）。14 / 31（5）用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)（即在獨(dú)立主格中與 with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中）it being sunday, they had no classes. it 是 being 的邏輯主語結(jié)論：分詞用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語附表 2：分詞的邏輯主語一覽表分詞所作成分分詞的邏輯主語狀語主語表語xx賓語15 / 31定語被修飾詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語（三）確定分詞的使用的具體步驟（1）根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定分詞

26、的語法成分（2）找準(zhǔn)邏輯主語（3）判斷主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系（4）選定現(xiàn)在或過去分詞1. there was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.16 / 31a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed簡(jiǎn)析：根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分是修飾 noise 的定語短語；據(jù)常識(shí)“xx 隨閃電之后到來”，自然 a noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise 與 follow 是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選 b。2. the olymp

27、ic games, _ in 776 b. c., didnt include women until 1912.a. first playing b. to be first playedc. first played d. to be playing簡(jiǎn)析：根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分是一個(gè)作定語、修飾 the olympic games 的后置分詞短語；the olympic games 是動(dòng)詞 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 b. c.)。因此，該題選 c。3. whats the language _ in ?a. speaking b. spoken c. be spok

28、en d. to speak簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 b。測(cè)試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動(dòng)，等于定語從句 which is spoken17 / 314. most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.a. invited b. to invite c. being invited d. inviting簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 a。測(cè)試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動(dòng)，等于定語從句 who were invited5. the first textbooks _ for teaching english as a foreign language ca

29、me out in the 16th century.a. having written b. to be written c. being written d. written簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 d。測(cè)試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動(dòng)，等于定語從句 which were written（四）分詞作表語共同點(diǎn)：分詞作表語時(shí)，它起著形容詞的作用。18 / 31不同點(diǎn)：分詞作表語時(shí)，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞 作表語時(shí)，與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所表示的動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)詞 所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所示動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂 語動(dòng)詞之前或同時(shí)發(fā)生。1. the new

30、s sounds _.a. encouraging b. encouraged c. encourage d. to encourage 簡(jiǎn)析：根據(jù)語法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作 xx 系動(dòng)詞, 待選部分應(yīng) 作表語 ；the news 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 encourage 來說應(yīng)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，即消息鼓舞人 心。因此，該題應(yīng)選 a。2. how did bob do in the exams this time?well, his father seems _ with his results.a. pleasing b. please c. pleased d. to please簡(jiǎn)析：根據(jù)

31、語法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作 xx 系動(dòng)詞, 待選部分作表 語。 再根據(jù) his father 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 please 來說應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 即這個(gè)結(jié)果使他的 父親高興。因此, 該題應(yīng)選 c。3. how did the audience receive the new play?19 / 31they got very _.a . excite b . excited c . excitedly d . exciting簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 b。測(cè)試他們被那出新戲所打動(dòng)。（五）分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語共同點(diǎn)：分詞在復(fù)合賓語中可作賓語補(bǔ)足語，對(duì)句子的賓語起補(bǔ)充或說明 作用。不同點(diǎn)：分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語

32、時(shí)，句子的賓語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn) 在分詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所表示的動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表 示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所示動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng) 詞之前或同時(shí)發(fā)生。1. the next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead.a. lying b. lie c. lay d. laying20 / 31簡(jiǎn)析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知, 待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補(bǔ), 補(bǔ)充說明賓語 the man; 再根據(jù)賓語 the man 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 lie 來說應(yīng)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 且 lie 這個(gè)動(dòng) 作與謂語動(dòng)詞 found 同時(shí)進(jìn)行。因此

33、, 該題應(yīng)選 a。2. good morning. can i help you?id like to have the package _, madam.a. be weighed b. to be weighed c. to weigh d. weighed簡(jiǎn)析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充說明賓 語 the package; 再根據(jù) the package 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 weigh 來說, 只能是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 因此，該題應(yīng)選 d。3. he is not good at english, so it is not easy for him to make himself

34、 _.a. understand b. understanding c. understood d. understands簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 c。himself 是 make 的賓語，待選部分的邏輯主語。由于英 語表達(dá)能力差，說出的英語別人難于聽懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，這里用 過去分詞來表達(dá)這一被動(dòng)含義。4. if you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face.21 / 31a. moved b. moving c. moves d. to move簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 b。測(cè)試

35、使役動(dòng)詞后用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示賓語正發(fā)出的動(dòng) 作。（六）分詞作狀語共同點(diǎn)：分詞作狀語時(shí)，一般在句子 xx 時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨等狀語。不同點(diǎn)：分詞作狀語時(shí)，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語時(shí)，與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所表示的動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)詞 所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所示動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂 語動(dòng)詞之前或同時(shí)發(fā)生。1. “cant you read?” mary said ，_ to the notice.a. angrily pointing b. and point angrilyc. angrily pointed d. and angri

36、ly pointing22 / 31簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 a。測(cè)試現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，通過副詞 angrily 進(jìn)行干 擾。若 b 答案為 and pointed angrily 時(shí)也對(duì)。2. _ a reply, he decided to write again.a. not receiving b. receiving notc. not having received d. having not received簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 c。 測(cè)試非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若動(dòng) 作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前時(shí)用非謂語的完成式。3. the visiting minister expresse

37、d his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.a. having added b. to add c. adding d. added簡(jiǎn)析：該題應(yīng)選 c。測(cè)試現(xiàn)在分詞可以作補(bǔ)充說明的狀語。另外，分詞作狀語時(shí)，如果其邏輯主語與整個(gè)句子的主語不一致時(shí)，需要 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或 with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來替代。(此時(shí)，也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語 補(bǔ)足語。)23 / 31例：the murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.a. being t

38、ied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied簡(jiǎn)析：很顯然，待選部分的邏輯主語是 his hands，而不是句子的主語 the murderer , 而 his hands 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 tie 來說只能是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選 d。綜上所述，現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的根本區(qū)別是主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系，正確認(rèn)定邏 輯主語是正確使用分詞的關(guān)鍵。xx 這一道理并不難，最重要的是要養(yǎng)成“分析句 子成分尋找邏輯主語判斷主被動(dòng)關(guān)系”這一思維定勢(shì)?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法1 分詞在句子 xx 狀語，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨 等。分詞做狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。

39、作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一 個(gè)狀語從句。hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.he looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mothers illness.分詞在句子 xx 狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主 謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)

40、關(guān)系用過去分詞。24 / 31not shaving enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we dont have enough hands).inspired by the international, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired / inspire the working people)_ the earth to be flat, man

41、y feared that would fall off the edge. (96,6)a) having believed b) believingc) believedd) being believed意為：相信地球是平的，許多人擔(dān)心 xx 會(huì)從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之 間是主謂關(guān)系，及分詞與主語之間為主謂關(guān)系，因此，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。no matter how frequently_, the works of beethoven always attract large audiences. (95,6)a) performingb) performedc) to be perform

42、edd) being performed句中 xx 的作品被反復(fù)表演，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該 用過去分詞。_as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96,1)a) being publishedb) publishedc) publishingd) to be published句中 as 引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，意為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時(shí)候出 版，還是引起了關(guān)注，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分 詞。2 “while (when, once, until, if , tho

43、ugh 等連詞)分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)可以在分詞前加 while，when, once, although, until, if 等連詞。when leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. while waiting for the train, i had a long talk with my sister about her work.25 / 31once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it

44、well.although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. if translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.3 分詞作定語分詞作定語時(shí)，單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置 于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂 關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。we will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the

45、 added fund.this is really an exhausting day to all of us!we can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.after a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, i forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.more and more developing countries established strategic partnership wit

46、h developed countries.the young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin jack.as early as 1649 made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _50 households or more. (98,1)a) havingb) to havec) to have hadd) having hadtown 后面由分詞做定語，而且 town 本身有 50 或以上人

47、家，故 town 與分 詞間為主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞。4 分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語4.1 現(xiàn)在分詞在 see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等 感官動(dòng)詞和 look at, listen to 等短語動(dòng)詞，以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send 等使役動(dòng)詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語的成分。26 / 31on the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys i

48、n the village.the little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.we should not leave him wondering what he should do.i am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.i caught him dozing off in class.4.2 過去分詞可以在 allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get,

49、have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge 動(dòng)詞等后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語。after my encounter with her, i found myself greatly shaken. you should keep her informed of what is going on here. the teacher expected the students well prepared for the examinat

50、ion.4.2 在動(dòng)詞 see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at 后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞做補(bǔ)語,也可用不定式做補(bǔ)語。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 用不定式表示的動(dòng)作的全過程已經(jīng)完成。i saw mr. white get off a bus.i saw mr. white looking into a shop window.do you hear someone knocking at the door?yes, i did. i heard him knock three times.5 分詞作表語分詞

51、作表語通?？醋餍稳菰~來用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性 質(zhì)，而且主語多為物；過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài)，主語多為人。the film “” is really exciting. i am excited about it.his response to the question was quite disappointing. i felt disappointed at his response.27 / 31分詞練習(xí)1, after the arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education,

52、 with girls as well boys_ to go to school. (97,1)a) to be encouraged b) been encouraged c) being encouraged d) be encourageda) other things being equalb) were other things equalc) to be equal to other things d) other things to be equal3, all things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98

53、,6)a) considered b) be considered c) considering d) having considered 4, the house was very quiet, _as it was on the side of a mountain. (99,6)a) isolated b) isolating c) being isolated d) having been isolated5 , this crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99,6) a) being b) been c) to be d) having been6 , corn originated in the new world and thus was not known in europe until f