句子成分講解配練習(xí)

1、語法學(xué)習(xí)：句子成分句子成分及其劃分符號：1. 謂語 =2. 賓語 3. 主語 4. 定語 （）5. 狀語 6. 補語 句子成分劃分方法：1. 主語：一般由名詞、代詞充當(dāng)（前）2. 謂語：一般由動詞、形容詞充當(dāng)（中）3. 賓語：一般由名詞、代詞充當(dāng)（后）4. 定語：用在主語、賓語前面，起限定作用5. 狀語：用在謂語前面，起修飾作用6. 補語：用在謂語后面，起補充作用例如：1、我國的石拱橋有悠久的歷史。2、一大早，勤奮的同學(xué)們就在教室里認真地復(fù)習(xí)各門功課。一、句子成分定義： 構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主語和謂語； 次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、

2、補足語、同位語和插入語。一主語：主語 (subject)：表示句子說的是什么人或什么事。是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。練習(xí)：劃出主語，并決定什么做主語。1. music plays an important part in our life.2. we should practice english more. 3. one-third of the students in this class are girls.4. to swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. smoking does harm to the health. 6. the

3、 rich should help the poor. 7. when we are going to have an english test has not been decided. 8. it is necessary to master a foreign language.什么情況下用it作形式主語？當(dāng)不定式、動名詞或從句在某個句子中作主語時，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。練習(xí)：找主語，做翻譯。1) it is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) it is n

4、o use arguing about it. ( ) 3) it is uncertain who will come. ( （二）謂語 謂語 (predicate)：說明主語做什么或怎么樣。動詞在句中作謂語一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如： he practices running every morning.the plane took off at ten oclock.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如： you may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助動詞加動詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)成

5、。如： do you speak english？ they are working in a field. he has caught a bad cold. （3）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如： we are students/strong/at school.（三）賓語 賓語（object）：表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。練習(xí)：劃出賓語，并決定什么做賓語。1. he is doing his homework.2. t he heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3. how many dictiona

6、ries do you have? i have five.4. they helped the old with their housework yesterday.5. he pretended not to see me.6. i enjoy listening to popular music.7. i think（that）he is fit for his office.賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）例如：lend me your dictionary, please.to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show,

7、hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：he sent the novel to william yesterday.for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：she bought a gift for her mother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補）they elected him their monitor.（四）表語 表語(predicative)：用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, loo

8、k, grow, turn, seem等）之后。練習(xí)：找出表語，并決定什么做表語。1. our teacher of english is an american.2. is it yours? 3. the weather has turned cold.4. the speech is exciting.5. three times seven is twenty one?6. his job is to teach english. 7. his hobby is playing football.8. the meeting is of great importance.9. time

9、 is up. the class is over.10. the truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系動詞（linking verb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，如： he is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 如： he always kept silent at meetings.3）表像系動詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,

10、 如：he seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 如：this kind of cloth feels very soft. 5） 變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.如： the river was beginning to run dry. 6）終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 意為“結(jié)果是;證明是。”如： the rumor proved false. his plan turned

11、 out a success.（五）賓語補足語 賓語補足語（object complement）:用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。練習(xí)：找出賓補，并決定什么做賓補。1. his father named him xiaoming.2. they painted their boat white.3. let the fresh air in.4. you mustnt force him to lend his money to you.

12、5. we saw her entering the room.6. we found everything in the lab in good order.7. we will soon make our city what your city is now.（六）定語(attribute)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語練習(xí)：劃出定語，并決定什么做定語。1. guilin is a beautiful city.2. china is a developing country; america is a developed country. 3. there are thirty

13、women teachers in our school.4. his rapid progress in english made us surprised.5. our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6. the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.7. he is reading an article about how to learn english.8. she is the girl who sings best in my class.（七）狀語（

14、adverbial）修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，可由以下形式表示 ：1. light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）2. he has lived in the city for ten years. （介詞短語）3. he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）4. he is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）5. wait a minute.（名詞）6. once you

15、 begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下： 1. how about meeting again at six?2. last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3. i shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4. mr smith lives on the third floor. 5. she put the eggs into the basket with great care.6. she came in with a dictionar

16、y in her hand.7. in order to catch up with the others, i must work harder. 8. he was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9. she works very hard though she is old.10. i am taller than he is.（八）同位語（appositive）對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：. this is mr. zhou, our headmaster.（九）插入語（parenthes

17、is）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , i think (suppose, believe-)等，如： to be frank, i dont quite agree with you.（十）補語補語是用于補充說明主語或賓語的身份或特征。everyone calls him jack. （賓補）he is called jack.（主補）五種基本句型概述主系(謂）表；主謂賓；主謂間賓直賓；主謂賓賓補；主謂（vi.)。練習(xí)：劃分句子成分1. we are working.2. i can swim very well.3. the waiter brought a b

18、ottle of beer to me.4. why does the wind blow ？5. the rain has been pulling down for a whole day.6. both tom and jack enjoy country music.7. jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.8. you must get the car ready by tomorrow.9. the landlord had them working day and night.10. i think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.11. they returned tired and hungry. 12. i woke up at 6:00 in the morning.13. the book weighs five kilos.14. they will be flying to londo