解讀《皆大歡喜》中的浪漫主義

1、解讀皆大歡喜中的浪漫主義abstractromanticism, as a historical phase of the 19th century in literature, stresses the close relationship between man and nature, and continues a change of direction from the attention paid to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. romantics fe

2、el that the present society denies peoples essential human need, and their expectation to live in countryside, which is beautiful, quiet and could prevent human from sadness, terror, and fear. as you like it is one of shakespeares four famous comedies. the whole story happens in arden forest. the du

3、ke senior and his old followers take residence in the forest, and when they arrive there and live for some days, they are fully attracted by the beautiful scenery and forget the courts sadness. country life makes people get refreshed. romanticism critics give a high praise to as you like it.this pap

4、er tries to analyze the close relationship between as you like it and romanticism. in the play, the author demonstrates a living world which has close relationship with men and is the source of their life. based on the analysis of the close relationship between the play and romanticism, and four sce

5、nes extracted from the play, the paper aims at the exploration and interpretation of romanticism in the play.key words:romanticism; as you like it; nature; emotion; comedy 摘要發(fā)生在19世紀(jì)的浪漫主義文學(xué)鑄造了文學(xué)史上的一段神話，對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。浪漫主義文學(xué)注重描寫人的內(nèi)心感受，并認(rèn)為現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)忽略了人的本質(zhì)追求，并主張回歸原始的田園生活，在寧?kù)o幽雅的自然鄉(xiāng)村生活能讓人身心得以放松，遠(yuǎn)離塵世生活的壓力，喧囂。皆大歡喜作

6、為莎士比亞的四大喜劇之一，整個(gè)劇情在寧?kù)o、秀美的亞登森林中展開(kāi)，講述了被其弟篡奪了爵位后的老公爵和他的忠實(shí)的隨從們來(lái)到森林里，忘卻宮廷的虛偽與爭(zhēng)奪，享受著自然的洗禮，心靈也得以凈化和升華，給人一種浪漫的情懷。19 世紀(jì)的浪漫主義學(xué)者對(duì)這部喜劇情有獨(dú)鐘。在作品中作者展現(xiàn)了一個(gè)與人類有著密切聯(lián)系，并賦予人類生活的自然世界。論文通過(guò)對(duì)作品與浪漫主義的密切關(guān)系以及四幕精彩劇情的分析，揭示與解讀皆大歡喜中的浪漫主義。關(guān)鍵詞:浪漫主義；皆大歡喜；自然；情感；喜劇 introductionromance has a close relationship with people. it does not on

7、ly make life colorful, but also lets people understand how to live a better life. facing the stresses from work, one can do some romantic things to relax. it is known to all, that romanticism was popular in europe in the 19th century. romantics stressed the close relationship between man and nature.

8、 they expected to live in countryside, and they always viewed intuition and emotions more important than reason and common sense. there was much greater stress on emotions in the writing of the romantic period. romantics held the notion that one could find truth through ones feelings. they thought t

9、he world as a lively, breathing being, and admired those who could speak the words from their inner world, and expect every person to express their feeling freely. they believed everybodys inner self (subconscious) was meaningful, and everybody should have an opportunity to be creative and to expres

10、s his own thoughts. the 19th century romantic critics regarded as you like it as the declaration of romanticism. as you like it is one of shakespeares four comedies which was seen as a perfect comedy. from the writing background and the contents of act ii scene i, act iii scene ii, act iii scene ii,

11、 act iii scene v, there is a conclusion that everyone looks forward to having a romantic life.through analysis of as you like it, readers can understand the demonstration of romanticism in the play and know more about romanticism which makes peoples life more lively, interesting and harmonious. i. a

12、 brief introduction to romanticismromanticism (the romantic movement), a literary movement, is profound shift in sensibility, which took place in britain and throughout europe during 1770-1848. intellectually it marked a violent reaction to the enlightenment. politically it was inspired by the revol

13、utions in america and france and popular wars of independence in poland, spain, greece, and elsewhere. emotionally it expressed an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience (the egotistical sublime), together with the sense of the infinite and transcendental. socially it c

14、hampioned progressive causes, though when these were frustrated it often produced a bitter, gloomy, and despairing outlook. the romantics paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. personified nature plays an important role in the pages of their works.a. the characteristics of

15、romanticism(1) romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. it was a movement of conscious rebellion against being too objective. the romantic spirit was one of subjectivity of inward feelings that one could trust ones subjective responses. romantics placed a high premium upon

16、 the creative function of imagination, and saw art as a formulation of intuitive and imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact.(2) for romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. the controversy was one between

17、head thinking and heart feeling. there was a much greater stress on emotions in the writing of the romantic period. romantics held that one could find truth through ones feelings. this is just the opposite of the rational theories that benjamin franklin followed. rationalists would say that people c

18、ould find truth through scientific investigation, but romantics were ready to trust their feelings as an avenue for finding truth and finding what was essential in life they believed that the irrational was important in human experience and that not everything could be explained by reason.(3) romant

19、ics did not think of the world as a ticking watch made by god. they thought of the world as a living, breathing being. they stressed the close relationship between man and nature. they viewed nature as an example and source of vivid physical beauty and as a manifestation of spirit in the universe. w

20、ith deep love for nature, they saw nature as a revelation of truth, the living garment of god. therefore, nature was a suitable subject for true art. they believed that god was immanent in creation. in other words, when they would look at the finite objects in this world, they would find the presenc

21、e of an infinite god.(4) romantics emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority. they saw the individual at the very center of life and art. they emphasized personal freedom and freedom from formalism, tradition, and conformity. they delighted in self-analysi

22、s, intricate examination and full exposure of the soul. they cherished no hero-worship, yet believed in the perfectibility of humanity. romantics believed in the natural goodness of human beings. they held that humanity close to nature would behave well, and would not be hindered by civilization.(5)

23、 romantics affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted each person to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts. they believed everybodys inner self (subconscious) was meaningful, and everybody should have an opportunity to be creative and to express his own thoughts.(6) romantics ch

24、erished strong interest in the past, especially the medieval. they were attracted by the primitive because the primitive often was innocent and close to nature. there were many things written by the romantics about the american indian. they romanticized the american indian into a noble savage who wa

25、s close to nature. their attitudes were quite different from puritans who emphasized that the indians were wild, degenerate barbarians. they compared them to satan. the romantics would look at the indians as close to nature and therefore close in touch with god. the romanticists paid great attention

26、 to the spiritual and emotional life of man. personified nature plays an important role in the pages of their works.(7). romantics were attracted by the wild, irregular, indefinite, remote, mysterious, and the strange.romanticism has a deep influence on the contemporary time. today, many people stil

27、l have been researching on it. by reading as you like it, one can have a feeling that the rebirth of romanticism. as you like it is a comedy written by shakespeare, who was a popular playwright writing for the commercial theater in london in the 16th century. shakespeare was not college-educated, an

28、d although his company had the sponsorship of king james, his work was not entirely respectable.” he has written many plays, including comedies, tragedies and some sonnets. his work had great influence through ages over the world. to the romantics, however, shakespeares plays are the essence of folk

29、 poetry, the ultimate vindication of their faith in spontaneous creativity. many european dramas in 19th century were influenced by him. painters illustrated scenes from his plays, and composers based orchestral tone poems and operas on his narratives. as you like it was one of the most famous comed

30、ies of shakespeares. from the setting of the whole story one can find that the forest life is full of truth, kindness, beauty and love, which was the life that the 19th romantics were expecting to. ii. shakespeares as you like ita. backgroundin 1598，shakespeare wrote as you like it. and it becomes o

31、ne of his four famous comedies. the play tells a tale happening in the forest of arden which is near the hometown strafford upon avon. when he was a child, he went to play in that place, and had a good memory about that period. he was attracted by the peace and beautiful views and expected to live t

32、here. in 16th there was a movement happening in europe where humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval age, to introduce new ideas, and they also voiced that man did not only have ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders, shakespeare wa

33、s influenced by this sense, later these beliefs were expressed in the play as you like it.b. summaryas the play opens, duck fredrick has usurped the title and throne of his elder brother, duck senior. the elder duke and his loyal followers have taken up residence in the forest of arden. the banish d

34、ukes daughter named rosalind, when frederick drove out her father, still kept in his court as a companion for his own daughter celia. a close friendship had grown up between these ladies, which the quarrels of their fathers did not break. celia tried by every kindness in her power to repay rosalind

35、for the injustice. orlando and oliver are two brothers divided by enmity, orlando has long been mistreated by his brother and when orlando enters a wrestling match sponsored by duke frederick, he attracts the attention of rosalind. likewise, duke fredericks daughter and rosalind to arden like her fa

36、ther; celia, fredericks daughter and rosalinds best friend, travels with her. rosalind disguises herself as a boy called ganymede, and celia will take the part of “his” sister, aliens. they are accompanied by the clown touchstone. they met orland, rosalind promises to cure orlandos heartache by lett

37、ing him pour his feelings out to ganymede as if he were rosalind. also as ganymede, rosalind attempts a match between silvias and phebe that goes awry; phebe falls for rosalinds ganymede alter ego. touchstone also courts a country girl named audrey.the resolution begins when oliver enters the camp.

38、orlando saved him from an attack by a lion, and the two brothers have reconciled, upon meeting celia, now oliver falls in love. a duck senior promise to join them in wedlock the next day, rosalind makes phebe to marry silvius if she cant have ganymede, when all have gathered for the wedding. rosalin

39、d reveals herself as the erstwhile ganymede, she and orlando are happily reunited. and phebe agrees to marry sivius. the duke gave his consent to the marriage; and orlando and rosalind ,oliver and celia, were married at the same time, and though their wedding could not be celebrated in this wild for

40、est with any splendors, yet a happier wedding day was never passed, and while they were eating under the cool shade of pleasant trees, a message arrived to tell the duke the joyful news, that his dukedom was given bake to him, this joyful news came just in time to perfect the joy of all who were the

41、 wedding of princesses. the duke was now able to reward those friends who had stayed with him in the forest, and these worthy followers, though they had patiently shared his troubles, were very well pleased to return in peace and happiness to the palace of their lawful duke.frederic, angry at his th

42、e flight of his daughter celia, and entered the wild forest, he was met by an old religious man, with whom he had much talk, and who in the end completely turned his heart from his wicked plan, he became truly sorry, and resolved to give up his dukedom to spend the rest of his days in a religious.in

43、 this play we can touch the country life more truly from old ducks speech in act ii scene i; the dialogue between touchtone and corin act iii scene ii 2.from the act iii scene ii, act iii scene v we can know that each person expect to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts. and everyb

44、odys inner self (subconscious) is meaningful; man should have an opportunity to be creative and to express his own thoughts.iii. analysis of some specific acts of the comedya. affirmation of the inner life of the selfalthough the great romantic works often center on terror or rage, the motive force

45、behind these passions is most often a relationship between a pair of lovers. rosalind is waiting for orlando in the forest. she overhears a conversation between a young shepherd and phebe a shepherdess he lovers, but phebe refuses the shepherds love, chilling him cruelly and telling him to leave her

46、 along. rosalind has seen enough and she jumps into the conversation, chiding phebe for being too cruel to the poor shepherd. in rosalind eyes, everyone has the right to love other people .and whatever love or be loved, all should perish this love and catch this love closely, because that is the bes

47、t gifts. of all the emotions celebrated by the romantics, the most popular was love. medieval troubadours had celebrated courtly adultery according to a highly artificial code that little reflected the lives of real men and women while agreeing with physicians that romantic passion was a potentially

48、 fatal disease. it was the romantics who first celebrated romantic love as the natural birthright of every human being, the most exalted of human sentiments, and the necessary foundation of a successful marriage. whether or not one agrees that this change of attitude was a wise one, it must be admit

49、ted to have been one of the most influential in the history of the world. in this comedy, rosaland says:you are a thousand times a proper man that she a woman. is such fools as you that make the world full of ill-favored children. is not her glass but you that flatter her, and out of you she sees he

50、rself more proper but, mistress, know yourself, down on your knees, and thank heaven, fasting, for a good mans love; during the life we should not refuse the love of other people .when we come to the world ,we are crowed by the care of parents and giving out our love to the people around us .and lov

51、e should not choose object everyone has the equal right to receive the care from others( huang bikang,2005,35)b. emphasis on individualismromanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the personal, the spontaneous, and the emotional. before the 18th century, few europeans concerned themselv

52、es with discovering their own individual identities. in the arden forest, touchtone meets corin, a shepherd, and they engaged in a comic debate about the advantage and disadvantages of shepherds life in the country in contrast to the life of a courtier. this dialogue between a court and a shepherd i

53、n the forest of arden hits upon the central theme of the play, namely, idyllic country life purges the human mind of the dirt collect in the complicated power relation of the human society. from this talk, we can find that: people earn that they eat, get that they wear. they were not what they had b

54、een born: nobles, peasants, or merchants. the new industrialists naturally liked to credit themselves for having built their large fortunes and rejected the right of society to regulate. just as corin says:those that are good manners at the court are as ridiculous in the country as the behavior of t

55、he country is most mock able at the court. you told me you salute not at the court but you kiss your hands; that courtesy would be uncleanly if courtiers were shepherds. besides, our hands are hard. i am a true laborer: i earn that i at, get that i wear, owe no man hate, envy no mans happiness, glad

56、 of other mens good, content with my harm, and the greatest of my pride is to see my ewes graze and my lands suck. ( huang bikang,2005,57)c. the close relationship between man and natureparticular perspectives with regard to nature varied considerably-nature as a healing power, nature as a source of

57、 subject and image. frederick has seized his brothers power and banished him from his dukedom. the duke senior then has to live in the forest of arden with his loyal followers. in the forest, this life is so simple and common, there is no wear the luxurious clothes and jewelry, no big house, no warm

58、 close. this offered the old dukes everyday life in the forest. but the old duke enjoys this life. to understand why this should have been so, we need to look more closely at the nature of the style and its origins. there has hardly been a time since the earliest antiquity that europeans did not cel

59、ebrate nature in some form or other, but the attitudes toward nature common in the western world today emerged mostly during the romantic period. the enlightenment had talked of natural law as the source of truth, but such law was manifest in human society and related principally to civic behavior. unlike the chinese and japanese, europeans had traditionally had little interest in natural landscapes for their own sake. romantics stress the close relationship between man and nature. the subject of th