構(gòu)詞法(用root stem base部分)

1、Chapter 3(構(gòu)詞法) n3.1 General Remark 概述 n3.2 Compounding 復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法 n3.3 Derivation 派生構(gòu)詞法 3.3.1 Prefixation 加前綴 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后綴 n3.4 Conversion 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法 The differences between “root”, “stem” and “base”? nRoot/ 詞根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology nSt

2、em/ 詞干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. nBase/ 詞基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. undesirables = un + desire + able + s nBase: desirable desire (base) undesirable desirable (base) undesirables undesirable (base) nBase/詞基:

3、any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 2) denationalized denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + d nRoot: nation nStem: denationalize nBase: national nation nationalize national denationalize nationalize denationalized denationalize ndesirable: desire (root or base, not stem) nundesir

4、able: desirable (base, not root, not stem) nundesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) ndesired: desire (root, stem or base) 3.2 Compounding 復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法 Questions: n1. What is compounding? n2. What are the relative criteria of a compound? n3. The classification of compounding? What is compounding?

5、 nCompounding / composition: a word- formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. e.g. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent = machine + independent back The relative criteria of a compound 1. Orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in three ways, that is

6、, solid, hyphenated and open. E.g. flowerpot n Solid: flowerpot n Hyphenated: flower-pot n Open: flower pot n2. Phonological criterion: Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element. Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and th

7、e main stress on the second element. E.g. black list blackboard blue bottle n3. Semantic criterion: Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. E.g. E.g. nflowerpot nworkday nbackyard Note: we ca

8、n infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts nred tape (官樣文章，煩瑣拖沓的公事程 序) ndog days （the hottest day of the year） nflatfoot (a policeman) nblue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth) nblue ribbon (an honor given to the winner of the first prize) Note: we cannot infer the mean

9、ing from the meaning of its component parts back The classification of compounding? Compounds are classified according to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element. a. Parts of speech n1. n. compounds n2. adj. compounds n3. v. compounds b. S

10、yntactic relation nsubject and verb 主謂關(guān)系 nverb and adverbial 動(dòng)賓關(guān) 系 nverb and adverbial 謂狀關(guān) 系 nrestrictive relation 限制關(guān) 系 ncoordinating relationship 并列關(guān)系 nthunder-struck (houses) houses are struck by thunder / thunder struck the houses nwell-behaved (person) The person behave himself well. npeace lov

11、ing people people love peace nan ocean-going (ship) A ship go across ocean. nApart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _ house work as carrying water and firewood. A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming 答案：C n風(fēng)蝕巖石 weather-beaten rocks n日曬的健康

12、膚色 suntanned (skin) n吹毛求疵的人 a fault-finding person n破紀(jì)錄的速度 a record-breaking speed n免稅的 tax-free n無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的 care-free n防火的 fire-proof n隔音的 sound-proof n滴水不漏的 water-tight n密封的，不漏氣的 air-tight n沒膝深的 knee-deep n齊肩高的 shoulder-high n終身的 lifelong n晶瑩剔透的 Crycle-clear n苦樂參半的 bittersweet n談?wù)摰脑掝} talked-about topic

13、 n杜撰的故事 made-up story n24小時(shí)看守 round-the-clock watch n作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘查 make an on the sop inspection 3.3 Derivation 派生構(gòu)詞法 Questions: n1. What is derivation? n2. What is combining form? And what difference between a combining form and an affix? n3. The classification of derivation. back nDerivation / affixation:

14、 a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word. e.g. recover = re + cover worker = work + er back A combining form構(gòu)詞成分: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occu

15、rs only in derivatives. e.g. autobiography hydromechanics television nautobiography auto- = autos (Gk) = self self + life + write autoalarm autocracy (auto + alarm) (auto + cracy) (self + to + weapon) (self + ruling ) nhydromechanics hydro- = hydr (Gk) = water hydro-airplane hydrography dehydrate hy

16、drogen ntelevision tele- = tele (Gk) = far off telecontrol telephone nCombining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy = auto 構(gòu)詞成分 + cracy (suffix) hydrograph

17、y = hydro 構(gòu)詞成分 + graphy (suffix) telephone = tele 構(gòu)詞成分 + phone (suffix) nFrom the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes. back 3.3.1 Prefixation Question:

18、 n1. What is prefixation? n2. The classification of prefixes n3. Some productive prefixes Prefixation: adding a prefix or combining form to the base. do not generally alter the word-class of the base Classification of prefixes: 1. negative prefixes （反意前綴）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir- ), dis-, a- n2

19、. reversative / privative prefixes（相反動(dòng)作前綴）: un-, de-, dis-, n3. pejorative prefixes （貶義前綴）: mis-, mal-, pseudo- n4. prefixes of degree or size（等級(jí)與大小前綴）: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini- n5. prefixes of attitude（態(tài)度取向前綴）: co-, counter-, anti-, pro- n6. locative prefixes（

20、方位前綴）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans- n7. prefixes of time and order（時(shí)間順序前綴）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re- n8. number prefixes（常用數(shù)字前綴）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly- n9. miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice- back Some Greek Prefixes 1. ant- / anti- Anti-Japanese War 抗

21、日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng) 抗體 antibody nant- / anti-: against 非正統(tǒng)藝術(shù) anti-art 非傳統(tǒng)英雄 anti-hero nant- / anti-: unlike tradition 2. aster-, astr-, astro- astronaut naster-, astr-, astro-: star 占星家 astrologer 小行星 asteroid 3. aut-, auto autobiography naut-, auto-: self 獨(dú)裁者 autocrat 自治權(quán) autonomy 4. bio- nbio-: life 生物學(xué) biology 傳

22、記 biography 5. chron-, chrono nchron-, chrono: time 編年史 chronicle 在時(shí)間上一致 synchronize 時(shí)代錯(cuò)誤 anachronism 6. dem-, demo- n dem-, demo-: people 民主政治的 democratic 流行的 epidemic 7. derm-, dermato- nderm-, dermato: skin 真皮 dermis 表皮 epidermis 皮下的 hypodermic 8. geo- 地質(zhì)學(xué) geology ngeo-: earth 幾何學(xué) geometry 9. gen

23、-, genea- ngen-, genea-: race 家系，譜系 genealogy 起源，發(fā)生 genesis 龐雜的，異類的 heterogeneous heteromorphy 生異態(tài)性 heteronomy 他治，不自治 heterosexual 10. meter-, metr- nmeter-, metr-: measure 計(jì)時(shí)器 chronometer 體溫計(jì) thermometer 十進(jìn)制 metrication 11. onym-, onomatro- nonym-, onomatro-: word 匿名的 anonymous 筆名，假名 pseudonym 同義詞

24、synonym 受支配詞 hyponym 12. ortho- n ortho-: correct orthography 正字法 正統(tǒng)的 orthodox 整形外科醫(yī)生 orthopedist 13. pan-, panto- npan, panto-: complete 泛美洲 Pan-America 寬屏幕電視/電影 panavision 全景 panorama 萬(wàn)靈藥 panacea 14. prot-, proto- nprot-, proto-: first 原型 prototype 原始形式 protomorph 15. therm-, thermo- n therm-, the

25、rmo-: heat 體溫計(jì) thermometer 熱核 thermonuclear 熱的，溫泉的 thermal Some productive prefixes 1. a-, an- + 表述性v. na-, an-: 1） 處于某狀態(tài) 2） 缺乏 alive 不講道德 amoral 無(wú)政府 anarchy 2. co-, con-, col-, cor- + n. / v. nco-, con-, col-, cor-: 1) 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，共同 2) 相互的關(guān)系 合作 cooperate 同時(shí)發(fā)生 concur 符合，相稱 correspond 同事 colleague 3. coun

26、ter- + v. / 抽象n. ncounter-: 與相反，反 反擊 counterattack 對(duì)應(yīng)一方 counterpart 反主流文化分子 counterculturist 4. dis- + adj. / v. ndis-: 與相反，不 不誠(chéng)實(shí) dishonest 不遵守 disobey 5. eco- + adj. / n. neco-: 生態(tài) 生態(tài)危機(jī) ecocrisis ecocide 生態(tài)滅絕 6. fore- + n. nfore-: 1) 前部 2) 先 前額 forehead 預(yù)言 forecast 首要的 foremost 7. in- + adj. / v. /

27、 n. nin-: 1) 不，與相反 2)向內(nèi) 不完全 incomplete 不禮貌 impolite 不合邏輯 illogical 雕刻 inscribe 移入 immigrate 8. inter- + v. / n./ adj. ninter-: 在之間 政府間的 intergovernmental 調(diào)停者 intermediary 州際的 interstate 9. mini- + n. P46 nmini-: 1) 小，微 2）短暫 超短裙 miniskirt 微型汽車 minibus 短暫危機(jī) minicrisis 10. mis- + v. / 分詞/ 抽象名詞 nmis-: 錯(cuò)

28、誤，歧途 誤解 misunderstanding 引入歧途 mislead 不幸 mislead 11. out- + n. / v. nout-: 超過 活得比長(zhǎng) outlive 以智取勝 outwit 12. over- + v. /adj. / n. nover-: 1）過于，過分 2）上方 過分自信 overconfident 溢出 overflow 高估 overestimate 13. post- + n. / adj. npost-: 在之后 附言 postscript 博士后 post-doctor 14. pre- + n. / adj. npre: 在之前 預(yù)習(xí) previ

29、ew 史前 prehistory 15. sub- + adj. / n. nsub: 下、次 小標(biāo)題 subtitle 低于正常 subnormal 16. trans- + n. ntrans-: 跨越，穿過 運(yùn)輸 transport 移植 transplant 變形 transform 17. super- + adj. / n. nsuper: 1）超，極 2）頂級(jí) 3）在之上 超級(jí)明星 superstar 上層建筑 superstructure 18. under- + n. / v. / ved. nunder: 在之下；不足 下劃線 underline 公共設(shè)施不足 under-

30、serviced Number Prefixes 1. one none: mon(o)- (G) uni- (L) 獨(dú)白 Monologue 一夫一妻制 Monogamy 不分性別的 Unisex 獨(dú)一無(wú)二的 unique 2. two ntwo: di- (G) / bi- (L) 對(duì)話 dialogue 二氧化物 dioxide 雙語(yǔ) bilingual 雙邊 bilateral 3. double ndouble: amphi- (G) ambi- (L) 兩棲 amphibian 模棱兩可 amphibology 歧義 ambiguity 4. three nthree: tri-

31、(L) 三角形 triangle 三輪車 tricycle 5. four nfour: quadri- (L) 四邊形 quadrangle 6. five nfive: pent(a)- (G) quint- (L) 五角大樓 pentagon 五重奏 quintet 7. six nsix: hexa- (G) / sex- (L) 六角形 hexagon 六重奏 sextet 7. Nine nnine: enne- (G) non- (L) 九邊形 enneagon / nonagon 九重奏 nonet 8. ten nten: deca- (G) / deci- (L) 十年 D

32、ecade 十進(jìn)制 Decimalism 9. half nhalf: hemi- (G) / semi-(L) 半球 Hemisphere 半圓 Hemicycle / semicircle 半殖民地 semicolonial 10. many nmany: poly- (G) / multi- (L) 多元的 polycentric 多民族的 multi-racial 11. hundred nhundred: hecto- (G) / cent- (L) 百米 hectometer 厘米 centimeter 蜈蚣 centipede back 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后綴

33、 Questions: n1. What is suffixation? n2. The classification of derivation. n3. Some productive suffixes. Productive suffixes on P50 1. able changeable, variable, knowledgeable nchangeable= be able to be changed vt. + ableadj. nVariable = able to vary vi. + able adj. nknowledgeable = know a lot n. +

34、able adj. having the stated quality or condition n2. er 他教書教得很好。 He teaches very well. He is a good teacher. n3. ride-in, swim-in v.-in: protesting against racial discrimination public demonstration sit-in, lie-in, work-in be-in, drop-in, sing-in, social gathering drive-in 4. y nrisky, dirty n.-y ad

35、j. full of, covered with, characterized by nSleepy v.-y adj. having a trendy to, inclined to nharmful, wonderful, useful, meaningful, joyful nhandful, mouthful, spoonful 1. n. + -ful = adj. -ful = be full of a help suggestion = a suggestion is full of help a resentful look = a look is full of resent

36、 a eventful life = a life is full of events 2. n. + -ful = n. -ful = 所容的量 a handful of nuts npostal, sensational,tropical, philosophical n.+ -al = adj. -al = about nambitious, desirous, dangerous n. + -ous = adj. -ous = be full of 同根近義詞 (P54) continuance, continuation, continuity nContinuance= conti

37、nue + ance the state of continuing nContinuation= continue + action the act of continuing nContinuity = continue + ity the quality of being contionuous nsensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very _ thing for you to do under the circumstances. B.No, I didnt mean that. You are too _. Sensitive / sens

38、ible nSensitive= sense + tive be full of sense (n. ) e.g. a sensitive skin = the skin is full of sense 1) 敏感的 be sensitive to ridicule be sensitive about ones appearance 2) 靈敏的；神經(jīng)過敏的；容易生氣的 nSensible = sense + able = can be sensed (vt.) e.g. a sensible error 1) 感覺得到的，明顯的 I am sensible of your kindnes

39、s. 2) 知道的 3) 明智的 a sensible n3. ish /-like N. Adj. e.g. childish / childlike -ish: derogatory 1. The talks had been _ but much remained to be done. A. fruitful B. effective C. advantageous D. valid nfruitful: producing good results 富有成效的，收效很多的 neffective: having a pleasing effect 有效的 E.g. take effec

40、tive measures 答案：A 2. The coming of the railways in the 1830s _ our society and economic life. A. transformed B. transported C. transferred D. transmitted nHe hoped the firm would _ him to the Paris branch. A. exchange B. transmit C. transfer D. remove 答案：C nSome diseases are _ by certain water anim

41、als. A. transplanted B. transformed C. transported D. transmitted 答案：D nAmerican football and baseball are becoming know to the British public through televised _ from the United States. A. transfer B. deliveries C. transportation D. transmissions 答案：D nRetirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_period;andth

42、eearlier youstartplanningforit,thebetter. A.transitionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation 答案： nThere is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the _ from fall to winter. A. transmission B. transformation C. transition D. transfer 答案： nHe attends to the _ of importan

43、t business himself. A. transaction B. transition C. transmission D. transformation 答案： nIt will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial _ will be conducted by computer. A. transactions B. transmissions C. transitions D. transf

44、ormations 答案： ntransform: to change completely in form, appearance, or nature e.g. transform heat into power ntransport: to carry (goods, people, etc.) from one place to another. ntransfer: 1. to move from one place, job, position, to another; 2. to move from one vehicle to another in the course e.g

45、. transfer production of the newspaper to its new plant transfer that foot ball player to another team transfer from the train to a bus ntransmit: 1. to send out (electric signals, messages,etc.) by radio; 2.to send or pass from one person, place, or thing to another e.g. This infection is transmitt

46、ed by mosquitoes. The information is transmitted from one computer to another through a telephone line. n1. variety / variation A.There are wide regional _ in house prices. B.The T-shirts are available in a wide _of colors. n2. incredible / incredulous A. The way she escaped is an absolutely _story.

47、 B.I could tell she knew he was lying by her _ smile. C. They all looked _ when the young woman said that she could get their factory to make a profit within five months. n3. imaginary / imaginative A._ works can always attract a lot of readers. nB.It is only an _story, so youd better not believe it

48、. n4. sensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very _ thing for you to do under the circumstances. B.No, I didnt mean that. You are too _. n5. exciting / excited / excitable A. Never mind him. He is a very _ person. He doesnt know what he is talking about. n6. subtle / delicate A.There is a very _diff

49、erence between “citizen rights” and “human rights”. B.This is a _situation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very _, but she was very energetic and had a strong will. n7. worth / worthy / worthwhile A.I can fix it. But it isnt _. Why dont we go and get a new one? B.His effort was _ o

50、f great praise. C. How much do you think a pearl of that size will be _? back nal / ation / -ment V. N. n-al: the action of 某行為 E.g. arrival, approval n-ation: the act, state, or result of 動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致的 狀態(tài)或機(jī)構(gòu) E.g. education, interpretation, organization n-ment: 動(dòng)作的過程 E.g. arrangement, development, movement

51、(選講該頁(yè)) nity / -ness Adj. N. n-ity: the quality or an example of being 品質(zhì) 或?qū)嵗?e.g. diversity, equality with great regularity = regularly Such stupidities = stupid actions or remarks n-ness: the condition, quality, or degree of being狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、程度 e.g. carelessness, frankness, selfishness (選講該頁(yè)) 1. variety

52、/ variation nA.There are wide regional variations in house prices. B. The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors. n-ity: the quality or an example of being 品質(zhì) 或?qū)嵗?variety: a number or collection of different sorts of the same general type 種類 n-ation: the act, state, or result of 動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致的 狀態(tài)

53、或機(jī)構(gòu) variation: (a degree of) the fact of varying 差 異，變動(dòng)程度 back 2. incredible / incredulous cred(it): believe incredible = cant be believed incredulous = be full of unbelief = showing disbelief A. The way she escaped is an absolutely _ story. incredible B.I could tell she knew he was lying by her _ s

54、mile. incredulous C. They all looked _ when the young woman said that she could get their factory to make a profit within five months. incredulous back 3. imaginary / imaginative A._ works can always attract a lot of readers. imaginative B. It is only an _ story, so youd better not believe it. imagi

55、nary ncustomary -ary: concerning; about back 4. sensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very sensible thing for you to do under the circumstances. B. No, I didnt mean that. You are too sensitive. P33 back 5. exciting / excited / excitable A. Never mind him. He is a very excitable person. He doesnt kn

56、ow what he is talking about. nExcitable: (of a person or animal) easily excited nExcited: full of strong feelings of expectation and happiness; nit calm e.g. The excited children were opening their Christmas presents. back 6. subtle / delicate A. There is a very subtle difference between “citizen ri

57、ghts” and “human rights”. B. This is a delicate situation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very delicate, but she was very energetic and had a strong will. back nSubtle: adj. a. not easy to notice, understand, or explain difficult to understand 難理解微妙的 e.g. subtle differences in mean

58、ing b. clever in arrangement, esp. so as to deceive people 精妙的 e.g. a subtle plan c. very clever in noticing and understanding e.g. a subtle mind back nDelicate: adj. a. needing careful handling, esp. because easily broken or damaged e.g. Be careful with those wine glasses theyre very delicate. b. n

59、eeding careful treatment in order to avoid failure or trouble e.g. a delicate situation The negotiations are at a very delicate stage. c. easily made ill e.g. a delicate child d. finely made in a way that shows great skill e.g a delicate piece of workmanship e. (of a taste, smell, etc.) pleasing but

60、 not strong and perhaps not easy to recognize. e.g. a delicate flavour / smell back 7. worth / worthy / worthwhile A.I can fix it. But it isnt worthwhile. Why dont we go and get a new one? B.His effort was worthy of great praise. C. How much do you think a pearl of that size will be worth? back nwor