主補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)比較.doc

1、主補(bǔ)即主語補(bǔ)足語即被動語態(tài)中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。eg.They caught boy stealing.被動語態(tài)The boy was caught stealing.stealing 即為主語補(bǔ)足語被動語態(tài)后的主語補(bǔ)足語對于主語補(bǔ)足語， 語法家們各有不同的看法。 有的把連系動詞后面的部分稱作 主語補(bǔ)足語； 有的又把被動語態(tài)后的補(bǔ)足語稱作表語， 與被動語態(tài)一起稱作復(fù)合 謂語。筆者通過教學(xué)體會到， 還是把被動語態(tài)后面的補(bǔ)足語稱作主語補(bǔ)足語好些。 這是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生很容易接受“賓語補(bǔ)足語” ，而如果把帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子變成 被動句，原來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的部分就變成補(bǔ)充說明主語了。一、被動語態(tài)的主語補(bǔ)足語與主動語

2、態(tài)的賓語補(bǔ)足語是密切相關(guān)的。例如：（ 1） I saw him playing basketball yesterday.（ 2） He was seen playing basketball yesterday.句（ 1）中的含義不是我看見他，而是我看見他正在打籃球。playing basketball是賓語 him 的補(bǔ)足語。所以叫賓語補(bǔ)足語。句（ 2）中的含義也不是他被看，而是別人看見他正在打籃球。這里的playingbasketball 是主語he 的補(bǔ)足語，故稱作主語補(bǔ)足語。主語和主語補(bǔ)足語一起稱作復(fù)合主語。所以含有主語補(bǔ)足語的句子一般是被動語態(tài)，謂語動詞是可以接復(fù)合賓語（賓語 +賓

3、語補(bǔ)足語）的及物動詞。句首的主語就是主語補(bǔ)足語的邏輯主語。二、主語補(bǔ)足語形式種種1.動詞 elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名詞用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The dog is called Karl. Coal is sometimes called stored-up sunlight. He was found the right man for the job.2.動詞 keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容詞用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The d

4、oor was painted white. The old man was found weak. The classroom is always kept clean every day.3.動詞 see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分詞用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： He is often heard reading English. The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab. The glass was found broken. T

5、he classroom was found crowded with people.4.感官動詞see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接帶to 的不定式用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： He was seen to come upstairs. Ice is known to be in a solid state. The spy was ordered to be hanged.5. 介詞短語用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： The books in the study must be kept in good order. He was found in good

6、health. English is considered of great importance for us.6. as 后面接名詞、形容詞、分詞等用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如： English is taken as a useful means for research work. The news is considered as true. The stool is usually thought as having four legs The vase is thought as broken.7. 由 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句用作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如：The boy has been m

7、ade what he is.三、主語補(bǔ)足語的判別1. 看句中的動詞是不是可接復(fù)合賓語， 而且是不是被動語態(tài)， 與此同時還要看其后部分的邏輯主語是不是句子的主語。2. 另一種最簡單的方法是：如果還不能看出來就可以把全句改成主動語態(tài)，加上一個主語 we 或 people 等。改成主動語態(tài)后，看后面是不是變成了“賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語”了，這樣我們就可以判別原句后面是不是主語補(bǔ)足語。例如：被動句： She was found reading in the library. (主動主語補(bǔ)足語 ) 賓語句： We found her reading in the library. ( 被動語態(tài)+賓語補(bǔ)足

8、語 )一、 被動語態(tài)的用法：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成： is / am / are +Our classroom is cleaned everyday.及物動詞的過去分詞I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cuttingthings.2. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成： was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞3. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成： has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-madesat

9、ellites have been sent up into space by manycountries.4.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees will be planted next year.5.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may b

10、e locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being +及物動詞的過去分詞Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there.Trees are being planted over there by them.7. 不定式的被動語態(tài)： to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞There are two bo

11、oks to be read.fThere are twenty more trees to be planted.二、怎樣把主動語態(tài)改成被動語態(tài)? 把主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)非常簡單，可以遵循以下幾個步驟：1. 先找出謂語動詞；2. 再找出謂語動詞后的賓語；3. 把賓語用作被動語態(tài)中的主語；4. 注意人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例： 1. Bruce writes a letter every week.fA letter is written by Bruce every week.2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.fThe broken b

12、ike wasmended by Li Lei this morning.3. He has written two novels so far.f Two novels have been written byhim so far.4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.f Ten trees will be planted bythem tomorrow.5. Lucy is writing a letter now. fA letter is being written by Lucy now.6. You must lock the door whe

13、n you leave. fthe door must be locked when youleave.三、使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：1.不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2.有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3.感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to 的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但 變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to 。例： make somebody d

14、o somethingf somebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingfsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.f My wallet was seen todrop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.fThe little boy was madeto do heavy work by the

15、boss.4.如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語（物） 作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。He gave me a book.f A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.fA ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike.f A new bike was bought for me by myfather.5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個整體，而不能丟掉 其中的介詞或副詞。We cant laugh

16、 him.fHe can t be laugh by us.He listens to the radio every day.f The radio is listened to by himevery day.如名詞詞組 （NP），形容詞詞組The nurse is taking care of the sick man. f The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.補(bǔ)充：系動詞連接了主語和補(bǔ)語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的補(bǔ)語是說明主語性狀的，所以稱為主語補(bǔ)足語。系動詞作為實(shí)義動詞的一類，具有本身的意義，但是在起到橋梁作用的同時，有些系動詞會保持

17、本身具有的意義，有些意義則會減弱或消失。例如：1. I tasted the soup.（ taste為及物動詞，意思為“品嘗”。）2. The soup tastes wonderful.（taste為系動詞，意思為“嘗起來，吃起來”，意思基本未變。）3. He went to the cinema yesterday evening.（ go是不及物動詞，意思為“去，走”。 ）4. At the n ews, he we nt mad.（go為系動詞，失去了“go”的原義，意為“變得”。）另外，英語中還有一定數(shù)量的不及物動詞，完全保留了本身的詞匯意義，同時 又發(fā)揮著系動詞的功能。它們與主語

18、補(bǔ)足成分連用，所以這類詞被稱為“準(zhǔn)系動詞” （quasi-linking verb or half-linking verb）。用于“S+Vi+Cs ” （S 代表主語， Vi 代表不及物動詞， Cs 代表主語補(bǔ)足語 ）這一句式的動詞都屬于這種用法。有時，主語補(bǔ)足語不緊跟系動詞，有可能被其它狀語成分隔開。以“go”為例：5. At twenty-four, Tom went half-bald.（ go為系動詞，失去原義。）6. After midnight, Tom went home bored.（ go為準(zhǔn)系動詞，保留原義，但同時又連接主語“Tom 和主補(bǔ)“bored ”，“ home

19、為副詞，表示地點(diǎn)狀語。）用于這一句式的補(bǔ)語可以為各種形式，（ AP），介詞詞組（Pr.P ），和分詞短語 （PP ）等?，F(xiàn)舉例如下：Type1: S + Vi +Cs（NP）7. We parted the best friends.= We were the best friends when we parted.8. I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief.= I am the representative of a family in grief when I stand before you to

20、day.類似的動詞包括：come （back ）, die, fall, go, leave等。Type2: S + Vi +Cs（AP ）9. They were born poor, lived poor, and poor they died.= They were poor when they were born; they were poor when they lived; they were poor when they died.10. She married young.= She was young when she married.11. The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night.= When the morning dawned after the storm at night, it was fresh and clear.類似的動詞包括：arrive, come