英文科研論文寫作簡介寫作部分

1、英文科研論文寫作簡介寫作部 分英文科研論文寫作簡介1.引言果的關(guān)鍵是選題。英文論文寫作的前提是有創(chuàng)新研究成果，創(chuàng)新研究成uAn acceptable primary scientific publication must be “thefirst disclosu.科研論文寫作常出現(xiàn)的一個誤區(qū)是：以為好論文是“寫”出來的，只要會寫，論文總能被接受發(fā)表。其實，論文被發(fā)表只是結(jié)果，這個結(jié)果是和一系列科研環(huán)節(jié)密切相關(guān)的，論文寫作只是其最后一個環(huán)節(jié)。在選擇科研課題和工作切入點時，就需特別注意，一定要有 創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容，科學研究的靈魂是創(chuàng)新，重復別人的工作，從科研的角度來說，是沒有意義的。值得注意的是，閱讀有

2、關(guān)英文科技論文，不僅可以了解研究進展和動態(tài)， 而且，可以學會科技英文表達。同樣，選題很好，研究 工作做得不夠細致、深入，也難有說服力，難以成為有 價值的研究工作。由于本書只介紹英文科研論文的寫作, 不講如何做研究，因此只介紹有了好的研究成果后如何 寫成合格的科研文章。The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations,

3、not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publications.A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are p

4、ublished.Thus, the scientists must not only “do” the science but must “write science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of good science.2.科研論文的一般格式?？蒲姓撐?，不象散文、小說那樣形式可以千姿百態(tài),而具有較為固定的格式。從某種意義上說，科研論文是“八月The IMRAD format.What question (problem) was studied? The answer is the

5、Introduction. How was the problem studied? The answer is the Methods. What were the findings? The answer is the Results. What do these findings mean? The answer is the Discussion.其通常的組成和每部分的特點見表lo表1科研論文格式及其特點組成部分名稱特點或簡要說明（按文章順序）題目Title10-20 words簡明，不必求全。Brief. A complete sentence is not necessary.作者

6、信息單位地址 聯(lián)系方式: 地址、E-mail傳真、電話。AuthorshipNames of authors AfflliationEmail address and telephone and fax numbers for corresponding author, if possible.通訊作者：往往是固定研究人員或項目負責人。Correspondingauthor:Faculty member or principal investigator.4摘要Abstract關(guān)鍵詞Key words150-200英文詞，說明研究目 的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和意義。 可以寫一些定量結(jié)果。不僅對 讀

7、者，而且對文獻檢索者都有 幫助。150-200 words to give purpose, methods or procedures, new results and their significance, and conclusions. Write for literature searchers as well as Journal readersInclude major quantitative data if they can be stated briefly, but do not include background material35個關(guān)鍵詞，作為論文檢索 用，使讀者

8、可用關(guān)鍵詞方便檢 索到此論文，并對論文按內(nèi)容 分類。3-5 key words which can be regarded as index words.符號表Nomenclature,Notation or Symbols說明文章中符號表示的量的意 義，單位。盡量用國際單位制。 Use SI units as much as possible.引言Introduction篇幅：全文的10-20 % o 說明所研究問題的重要性；相 關(guān)研究回顧與綜述：指出已有 研究的不足和局限，但語氣應(yīng) 友善而含蓄。說明本論文的目 的和重要性。Introduce the importance of the pr

9、oblem studiedReview of previous work.State the limitations or shortcomings of the previous work Clearly state the purpose and significance of the present work Notice:Do not attempt to survey the literature completely. If a recent article has a survey on the subject, cite that article without repeati

10、ng its individual citations.In general, the Introduction shoyld be no more than 3 double-spaced word-processed研究或?qū)嶒灧椒≧esearch approach Theoretical section or Experimental section篇幅：全文的20-30% o介紹為簡化問題所作的必要且 合理的假設(shè)；對問題進行數(shù)學描述：列方程、 邊界條件和初始條件；問題求解；使讀者閱讀后可重復實驗。Make necessary assumptions.Describe the proble

11、m in69mathematicalequationstogether with relating boundary and initial conditions.Obtain the solution.Let the research can be reproduced -Describe the apparatus and instruments Describe pertinent and critical factors involved in the experimental work.結(jié)果和討論Resultsanddiscussion篇幅：全文的40%左右。 研究結(jié)果介紹，數(shù)據(jù)的必

12、要解 釋，新發(fā)現(xiàn)討論，與其它相關(guān) 結(jié)果的比較。結(jié)果和討論也可分開。 結(jié)果：直接的發(fā)現(xiàn)；討論：間 接的發(fā)現(xiàn)。此部分內(nèi)容安排要特別注意邏 輯性。Present the resultsDiscuss new flndings.Provide explanations for data Elucidate models.Compare the results with other related works.Results and Discussion may be separated.Results: direct flndings Discussion: indirect findings Not

13、ice:pleaselogicallyarrange the contents結(jié)論Conclusions介紹研究工作的主要結(jié)論。力 求簡明。Summarize conclusions of thework 致謝Acknowledgements說明本工作受到的資助及得到 的幫助。Information regarding the supporter (s) (eg，flnancial support) is included here.參考文獻References對于一般科研論文，參考文獻 為10-20篇;對于綜述性論文， 參考文獻為60100篇。10-20 references for res

14、earch paper and 60-100 references for review paper.附錄一些公式的詳細推導等內(nèi)容可 放在附錄部分，以便使論文更Appendix緊湊。Some detailed derivation of equations etc. could be placed in this part.以上為英文科技論文的一般要求，不同期刊風格和要求會有所不同。 練習lo2.科技論文的寫作步驟步驟及注意事項如同繪畫。繪畫要構(gòu)思、畫輪廓、再描繪、收拾。科技論文的寫作步驟見表2。表2英文科技論文寫作步驟準備材料確定題目寫提綱和指導老師討論。安排和調(diào)整材料寫論文草稿和指導老師討

15、論。認真檢查：內(nèi)容、 煉字、煉句請指導教師修改在有條件的情況下請Native English speaker 修改英文。值得注意的是，論文最好在研究工作進行中就開始醞釀，這樣對研究本身的完整性會有幫助，而且，寫作 過程中也往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些問題，由于實驗裝置尚在，實驗還可進行，這些問題還可方便解決。 練習2。3. 各部分寫作的注意事項3.0如何寫論文題目First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied，and to give, so far as Its limit permit

16、，a definite and concise indication of what is to come.T. Cliffort AllburtWhat is good title? I define it as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the context of the paper.3.1如何寫英文摘要英文摘要是全文的濃縮，一般包括研究目的、研究方 法、研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論。摘要是全文的摘要，因此論文從 引言(Introduction) 論文展開(Approach),結(jié)果 (Results)和討論(Discussio

17、n)以及結(jié)論部分的要點在 引言中都應(yīng)有反映。摘要部分應(yīng)盡可能簡明，一般不超 過300個詞，摘要比論文具有更廣泛的讀者，因此，盡 量用通俗和易懂的詞匯(這些詞匯無需通過閱讀全文或 査相關(guān)文獻后就可明白)，且風格、時態(tài)等應(yīng)統(tǒng)一。在 英文摘要中，時態(tài)可以是一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時和現(xiàn) 在完成時，具體用何種時態(tài)，應(yīng)根據(jù)表達的內(nèi)容而定， 但一般多用被動語態(tài)。請看下面的例1 一例7o注意， 摘要中別忘了寫出論文的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)或結(jié)論。一般情況下，摘要中不列參考文獻，不含圖表。英文 摘要內(nèi)容完整，可獨立存在。摘要雖在最前面，但實際 上，它往往最后寫。等全文完成后，再根據(jù)全文的內(nèi)容 提煉和推敲。當然，有些國際會議，開

18、始只需要提交摘要，這時，摘要常常先寫。F面列舉了幾篇國際期刊論文的英文摘要，供讀者參考。同時注意縮寫字的使用。 摘要例卩Abstract:Interactions between volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) and vinyl flooring (VF)，a relatively homogenous, diffusion-controlled building material, were characterized The sorption/desorption behavior of VF was investigated using single-

19、component and binary systems of seven common VOCs ranging in molecular weight from n-butanol to n-pentadecane. The simultaneous sorption of VOCs and water vapor by VF was also investigated Rapid determination of the material/air partition coefficient (K) and the material-phase diffusion coefficient

20、(D) for each VOC was achieved by placing thin VF slabs in a dynamic microbalance and subjecting them to controlled sorption/desorption cycles K and D are shown to be independent of concentration for all of the VOCs and water vapor. For the four alkane VOCs studied, K correlates well with vapor press

21、ure and D correlates well with molecular weight, providing a means to estimate these parameters for other alkane VOCs.While the simultaneous sorption of a binary mixture of VOCs is non-competitive, the presence of water vapor increases the uptake of VOCs by VF. This approach can be applied to other

22、diffusion-controlled materials and should facilitate the prediction of their source/sink behavior using physicallybased models.Keywords: Building material; Emission; Indoor air; Microbalance; Sink; Sorption摘要例221Abstract： Desiccant systems have been proposed as energy saving alternatives to vapor co

23、mpression air conditioning for handling the latent load. Use of liquid desiccants offers several design and performance advantages over solid desiccants, especially when solar energy is used for regeneration For liquid-gas contact, packed towers with low pressure drop provide good heat and mass tran

24、sfer characteristics for compact designs. This paper presents the results from a study of the performance of a packed tower absorber and regenerator for an aqueous lithium chloride desiccant dehumidification system The rates of dehumidification and regeneration, as well as the effectiveness of the d

25、ehumidification and regeneration processes were assessed under the effects of variables such as air and desiccant flow rates, air temperature and humidity, and desiccant temperature and concentration. A variation of the Oberg and Goswami Mathematical model was used to predict the experimental flndin

26、gs giving satisfactory results.摘要例33Abstract： This paper presents a performance evaluation of two passive cooling strategies, daytime ventilation and night cooling, for a generic, six-story suburban apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai. The investigation uses a coupled, transient simulation ap

27、proach to model heat transfer and airflow in the apartments Wind-driven ventilation is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Occupant thermal comfort is accessed using Fangers comfort model. The results show that night cooling is superior to daytime ventilatio n Night cooling may repla

28、ce air-conditioning systems for a signifleant part of the cooling season in Beijing，but with a high condensation risk For Shanghai, neither of the two passive cooling strategies can be considered successful.摘要例44abstract： This paper presents the results of a computer program developed for solving 2-

29、 and 3-D ventilation problems. The program solves, in finite difference form, the steady-state conservation equations of mass， momentum and thermal energy. Presentation of the fluctuating velocity components is made using the k- turbulence model. Predicted results of air velocity and temperature dis

30、tribution in a room are corroborated by experimental measurements The numerical solution is extended to other room ventilation problems of practical interest 3 2如何寫引言中國唁句俗話：好的開頭等于成功的一半。英文中有 句名言：A bad beginning makes a bad ending。兩 者表達方式不同，意思卻相近：開頭對很多事非常重要, 對寫文章也不例外。引言即是文章的開頭。寫作之前，心中需對閱讀對象有所了解和估計，這樣

31、在行文時對遣詞造句就會有把握，既避免過于專業(yè)，使 讀者難以理解，又不致過于平白，讓讀者索然無味。引言一般用一般現(xiàn)在時寫，如前所述，引言中應(yīng)介紹 以下幾方面的內(nèi)容：(1) 介紹討論的問題、介紹研究的背景，說明討論的范圍及解決問題的重要性。讀者往往通過瀏覽論文 題目、摘要、引言、圖標和結(jié)論決定是否仔細閱讀全文。因此，在引言中應(yīng)開門見山，說明要討論的 問題及其重要性。(2) 相關(guān)研究回顧與綜述。對已有研究的評價要實事求是，對前人工作的精彩和可參考之處應(yīng)簡要說明，對已有研究的不足和局限，也應(yīng)指出，但語氣 應(yīng)友善而含蓄。(3) 說明本研究的目的和特別之處。有了前面2部分 的鋪墊，現(xiàn)在就要具體說明本研究要

32、解決什么問 題，在解決思路、方法、手段等上有什么新穎或改 進之處。(4) 說明一下文章安排。是全部論文的導讀。就像領(lǐng)人去一個地方游覽或參觀，先介紹一下游覽的活動 安排并給一張游覽地的地圖。在這部分，下面的表 述可供參考：This paper is divided into five major sections as follows.Section one of this paper opens with.Section three develops the second hypothesis on.Section four shows (introduces, reveals, treats

33、, develops，deals with，etc*).The result of . is given in the last section.(5) 介紹一下主要結(jié)論。(4)和 的安排比較靈活，有時可不同時出現(xiàn)， 甚至不出現(xiàn)，只介紹(3) 一本論文的目的或主要貢獻及 其重要性。關(guān)于引言的功能，Raleigh Nelson有一段形象的介 紹:“ (it) may be thought of as a preliminary conference in which the writer and prospective reader cgo into a huddle9 and agree in

34、 advance on the exact limits of the subject, the terms in which to discuss it，the angle from which to approach it，and the plan of treatment that will be most convenient to both.引言部分邏輯性很強。首先當然是點出問題，并使 讀者一下被吸引。這就必須交代為什么你選擇該問題， 該問題的解決狀況如何，還有那些問題需要研究，你如 何解決這些問題，得到了哪些有意義的結(jié)果。這些環(huán)節(jié) 聯(lián)系緊密、環(huán)環(huán)相扣。引言中要引用已發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻，

35、一般有兩種引出方式：按所引文獻出現(xiàn)的先后順序標注，按所引文獻作 者的姓名的字母順序標注。具體方式，視所投期刊要求 而定。下面通過一些例子對上面的介紹加以說明。例 11:INTRODUCTIONA variety of building materials (eg，adhesives, sealants, paints, stains, carpets, vinyl flooring, and engineered woods) can act as indoor sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Following their inst

36、allation or application, these materials typically contain residual quantities of VOCs that are then emitted over time. Once installed and depending upon their properties, these materials may also interact with airborne VOCs through alternating sorption and desorption cycles (Zhao et al，1999b，2001).

37、 Consequently，building materials can have a signifleant impact on indoor air quality both as sources of and sinks for volatile compounds.Current methods for characterizing the source/sink behavior of building materials typically involve chamber studies. This approach can b time-consuming and costly，

38、and is subject to several limitations (Little and Hodgson, 1996). For those indoor sources and sinks that are controlled by internal diffusion processes, physically-based diffusion models hold considerable promise for prediction emission characteristics when compared to empirical methods (Cox et al，

39、2000b， 2001b).The key parameters for physically-based models are the material/air partition coefficient (K)，the material-phase diffusion coefficient (D)，and, in the case of a source, the initial concentration of VOC in the material (Co) Rapid and reliable determination of these key parameters by dir

40、ect measurements or by estimations based on readily available VOC/building material properties should greatly facilitate the development and use of mechanistic models for characterizing the source/sink behavior of diffusion-controlled materials (Zhao et al，1999a; Cox et al，2000a, 2001a).Several proc

41、edures have been used to measure D and K of volatile compounds in building materials. D and K have been inferred from experimental data obtained in chamber studies (Little et al.9 1994). A procedure using a two-compartment chamber has also been used for D and K measurement. A specimen of building ma

42、terial is installed between the two compartments A concentration of a particular compound if introduced into the gas-phase of one compartment while the gas-phase concentration in the other compartment is measured over time. D and K are then indirectly estimated from gas-phase concentration data (Bod

43、alal et al，2000; Meininghaus et al，2000). A complicating feature of this method is that VOC transport between chambers may occur by gas-phase diffusion through pores in the building material in addition to solid-phase Fickian diffusion, confounding estimates of the mass transport characteristics of

44、the solid materialA procedure based on a European Committee for Standardization (CEN) method has also been used to estimate D. A building material sample is tightly fastened to the open end of a cup containing a liquid VOC. As the VOC diffuses from the saturated gas-phase through the building materi

45、al sample, cup weight over time is recorded. Weight change data can be used to estimate D(kirchner et al，1999). A significant drawback of this method is that D has been shown to become concentration dependent in polymers at concentrations approaching saturation (Park et al， 1989).In accordance with

46、a previously proposed strategy for characterizing homogeneous, diffusion-controlled, indoor sources and sinks (Little and Hodgson, 1996)， the objectives of this study were to (1) develop a simple and rapid experimental method for directly measuring the key equilibrium and kinetic parameters, (2) exa

47、mine the validity of several primary assumptions upon which the previously mentioned physically-based models are founded and (3) develop correlations between the O and K，and readily available properties ofVOCs.例2:1. IntroductionLiquid desiccant cooling systems have been proposed as alternatives to t

48、he conventional vapor compression cooling systems to control air humidity, especially in hot and humid areas. Research has shown that a liquid desiccant cooling system can reduce the overall energy consumption, as well as shift the energy use away from electricity and toward renewable and cheaper fu

49、els (Oberg and Goswami，1998a). Burns et al. (1985) found that utilizing desiccant cooling in a supermarket reduced the energy cost of air conditioning by 60% as compared to conventional cooling Obtrg and Goswami (1998a) modeled a hybrid solar cooling system obtaining an electrical energy savings of

50、80%， and Chengchao and Ketao (1997) showed by computer simulation that solar liquid desiccant air conditioning has advantages over vapor compression air conditioning system in its suitability for hot and humid areas and high air flow rates.Use of liquid desiccants offers several design and performan

51、ce advantages over solid desiccants, especially when solar energy is used for regeneration (Oberg and Goswami, 1998c). Several liquid desiccants are commercially available: triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and brines such as calcium chloride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide,

52、 and calcium bromide which are used singly or in combination The usefulness of a particular liquid desiccant depends upon the applicatio n At the University of Florida, Oberg and Goswami (1998a,b) conducted a study of a hybrid solar liquid desiccant cooling system using triethylene glycol (TEG) as t

53、he desiccant. Their experimental work concluded that glycol works well as a desiccant. However, pure triethylene glycol does have a small vapor pressure which causes some of the glycol to evaporate into the air. Although triethylene glycol in nontoxic, any evaporation into the supply air stream make

54、s it unacceptable for use in air conditioning of an occupied building Therefore, there is a need to evaluate other liquid desiccants for hybrid solar desiccant cooling systems. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is a good candidate material since it has good desiccant characteristics and does not vaporize in a

55、ir at ambient conditions. A disadvantage with LiCl is that it is corrosive. This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of aqueous lithium chloride as a desiccant for a solar hybrid cooling system, using a packed bed dehumidifier and regenerator.A number of experimental studies have be

56、en carried out on packed bed dehumidifiers using salt solutions as desiccants. Chung et al. (1992，1993)，and Chen et al. (1989) used lithium chloride (LiCl); Ullah et al. (1998)，Kinsara et al. (1998) and Lazzarin et al. (1999) used calcium chloride (CaC12); while Ahmed et al. (1997) and Patnaik et al

57、. (1990) used lithium bromide (LiBr). Other experiments for absorbers using LiCl were carried out by Kessling et al. (1998)，Kim et al. (1997) and Scalabrin and Scaltriti (1990).The moisture that transfers from the air to the liquid desiccant in the dehumidifier causes a dilution of the desiccant res

58、ulting in a reduction in its ability to absorb more water. Therefore, the desiccant must bee regenerated to its original concentratio n The regeneration process requires heat which can be obtained from a low temperature source, for which solar energy and waste energy from other processes are suitable Different ways to regenerate liquid desiccants have been pro