翻譯(關(guān)于教育法)

1、摘要：受教育權(quán)作為公民的一項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利已得到各個(gè)國家的普遍認(rèn)同，受教育權(quán)在很大程度上是公民生存與發(fā)展權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)，而目前中國大量女童受教育權(quán)受損，面臨失學(xué)的處境。本文將以失學(xué)女童受教育權(quán)為視角，分析消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約在我國實(shí)施面臨的問題，并對解決的措施進(jìn)行初步的探索。關(guān)鍵詞：婦女歧視 失學(xué)女童 受教育權(quán)Abstract:The right to education as a fundamental right of citizen has been commonly agreed in each country.And to a great extent ,it is the foundat

2、ion of the citizens survival right and development right.However,in China,a large number of girlsthe right to education has been damaged,so they are facing the situation of dropping out of school.In this article,I will analyze the problems when our country implements the CEADWThe Convention on the E

3、limination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and preliminarily explore the measures in the perspective of out-of-school girls right to education.Index term: discrimination againstwomen out-of-school girls the right to education受教育權(quán)既是世界人權(quán)宣言、消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約等國際法文件確認(rèn)和保障的一項(xiàng)重要的公民權(quán)利,也是包括我國在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)國家

4、確認(rèn)的憲法權(quán)利。 The right to education is both an important civil right that is confirmedandprotectedby some documentsofinternational law such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights and CEADW and a constitutional right which is confirmed by most countries including China. 女童易遭受由于其性別差異產(chǎn)生的歧視，在男女平等的前提下，其受教育

5、權(quán)更應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫街匾?。Girls are vulnerable to discrimination because of their gender differences, on the premise of gender equality , the right to education of girls should be attentioned more. 到目前為止,我國法學(xué)界對這方面尚缺乏較為系統(tǒng)深入的理論研究,司法實(shí)務(wù)界也未建立一套完善而有效的救濟(jì)機(jī)制。At present,in China,our jurisprudentialcircle is still lack of a sy

6、stematic and deep theoretical research about this aspect.And judicial practice also has not been established a set of perfect and effective relief mechanism. 理論研究的相對滯后和救濟(jì)機(jī)制的不完善導(dǎo)致實(shí)踐中在女童受教育權(quán)的認(rèn)識上存在一定的誤區(qū),女童受教育權(quán)受到侵害時(shí)也得不到有效的保護(hù)和救濟(jì)。Imperfection of theoretical researchs relative lag and relief mechanism caus

7、es some mistakes on the understanding of the girls right to education and unvalid protection and relief of the girls right to education. 一、法律概念分析TheAnalysisofLawConcepts.我國憲法規(guī)定了男女平等，但對于什么是性別歧視并未做出明確規(guī)定。In China,our constitution prescribed gender equality.But for what is gender discrimination ,it did

8、not make a specific provision.美國著名社會學(xué)家波普諾認(rèn)為“歧視是指由于某些人是某一群體或類屬之成員而對他們施以不公平或不平等的待遇。Famous American sociologist David Popenoe thought that discrimination refered to unfair or unequal treatment to someone who were members of one group or category.歧視是一種行動或行為。Discrimination is a kind of action or behavior

9、.美國著名學(xué)者夏普認(rèn)為:“歧視指相同的人(事)被不平等地對待或者不同的人(事)受到同等的對待?！盕amous American scholar Sharp said,”Discrimination refers to the same people (things) are treated unequally, or different people (things) are treated equally.”這些解釋有利于我們理解歧視，但不是為法律概念，不夠作為司法判案的依據(jù)。These explanations is conducive to us to understand discri

10、mination, but not for the legal concept, not as the basis of judicial judgment.性別歧視客觀上表現(xiàn)為直接歧視和間接歧視, Gender discrimination objectively is divided into direct discrimination and indirect discrimination.直接歧視又稱差別待遇歧視, 是最早的反歧視法涉及的一種歧視形式, 也是最常見的歧視形式之一。Direct discrimination is also called disparate treatme

11、nt discrimination which is a form of discrimination in the earliest anti-discrimination law and is one of the most common form of discrimination.其立法基礎(chǔ)是形式平等, 即相同情況同樣對待。The legislation is based onformal equality that is being treated equally in same cases.直接性別歧視通過明確宣布基于立法所保護(hù)的性別特征而對個(gè)人做出區(qū)別對待是專斷的、不能接受的,基

12、于性別而產(chǎn)生的對女童受教育權(quán)的不平等待遇，即是直接歧視的一種。Direct sex discrimination declars taht it is arbitrary and unacceptable to make a distinction between individuals based on sex characteristics which are protected by law.That based on gender produces the unfair treatmentof girlsthe right to education,which is a kind of

13、 direct discrimination.女童作為法律保護(hù)對象中的弱勢群體，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中存在著大量權(quán)利受侵害的現(xiàn)象。 As vulnerable groups of legalprotection,girls rights are violated largely in reality. 婦女，目前我國法律未對“婦女”有明確的定義。Women,In China ,at present,our law hasnt have a cleardefinition. 根據(jù)平白解釋，婦女，即女性，然而對于婦女年齡的限制從未在法律中有所規(guī)定。According to the explanation,wom

14、en that is femininity,however,women age limit has never been prescribed in the law.僅有中華人民共和國刑法中有關(guān)強(qiáng)奸罪的加重情節(jié)出現(xiàn)“14周歲以下幼女”規(guī)定，部分學(xué)者贊同14周歲以上為婦女的觀點(diǎn)。The legal provision,“under 14 years old girl”,about the deterioration of the rape, only appears in the Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China.Some scholar

15、s agree with the view that no less than 14 years old femals are women.消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約中也未出現(xiàn)對婦女的解釋說明。The CEADW also has no explanation about women.此外，聯(lián)合國兒童權(quán)利公約將兒童的年齡限制為18周歲以下。In addition,the CRCConvention on the Rights of the Child limits the age of the child is under the age of 18.結(jié)合上述觀念，本文所指女童即為14-18周

16、歲的女性。Inconclusion，in this artical,girls that are femal who are 14 -18 years old.教育，既是公民個(gè)人人格形成和發(fā)展的一個(gè)必不可少的手段，也是培育作為民主政治具體承擔(dān)者的健全的公民的重要途徑。Education is not only a necessary means for civil personality to form and develop,but also an important way to cultivate sound citizens as specific undertaker of demo

17、cracy.我國現(xiàn)行憲法第46條規(guī)定：“中華人民共和國公民有受教育的權(quán)利和義務(wù)”。In China ourcurrentconstitutionprescribedinparagraph1ofarticle46:citizensofthePeoplesRepublicofChinatherightsandobligationsofeducation這種受教育權(quán)利義務(wù)一體化的立法模式，引起了學(xué)者們認(rèn)識上的分歧。Such legislationmodel of integrating the right and obligation to be educated has caused schola

18、rs cognitional differences.有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，我國憲法把受教育權(quán)既規(guī)定為公民的權(quán)利，又規(guī)定為公民的義務(wù)，實(shí)際上是不妥的，混淆了權(quán)利主體與義務(wù)主體的關(guān)系。Some scholars believe that our constitution prescribes the right to education is civil right as well as civil obligation,which is improper,because it confuses the relation between the subject of rights and the subj

19、ect of obligation.有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，公民的受教育權(quán)體現(xiàn)的是一種權(quán)利義務(wù)觀。如“受教育權(quán)具有雙重性，即受教育權(quán)既是公民的一項(xiàng)權(quán)利，也是公民的一項(xiàng)義務(wù)?！盨ome scholars believe that the right to education embodies a concept of rights and obligation.For example,the right to education has the duality, namely it is both a civil right and civil obligation.“受教育是公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)，體現(xiàn)人的

20、個(gè)體性與社會性的統(tǒng)一?！薄笆芙逃巧鐣c個(gè)人的共同要求，在法律上應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為權(quán)利與義務(wù)的統(tǒng)一?！惫P者贊成后種觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為受教育權(quán)是公民的權(quán)利與義務(wù)?！癟o be educated is citizensbasic rights and obligation.And it reflects the unity of individuality and sociality.”“To be educated is the common demand of society and individual.In the law,it should be characterized by the unity of

21、 the rights and obligations?！盜 approve the latter opinion that the right to education is a civil rights and obligations.（1） 具體內(nèi)容 (a) The Specific Content受教育權(quán)的體系就是對組成受教育權(quán)的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分類,而由劃分出的各種權(quán)利組成的有機(jī)聯(lián)系的統(tǒng)一整體。根據(jù)受教育權(quán)產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展的時(shí)間順序, 可以將其分為學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會權(quán)、學(xué)習(xí)成功權(quán)。Educational system is an unified whole that is intergrated wit

22、h various rights which are divided from the contents of the right to education.According to the time order, it can be divided into the rightoflearningopportunities and the right to learning success. 1.學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會權(quán) The rightoflearningopportunities學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會權(quán)是指受教育者有權(quán)通過學(xué)習(xí)獲得生存與發(fā)展能力的可能性, 是接受任何等級教育的起點(diǎn)、資格和身份。學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會權(quán)又可以派生

23、出入學(xué)升學(xué)機(jī)會權(quán)和學(xué)生身份權(quán)。Rightoflearningopportunities refers to the educatees shall have the right to get the possibility of survival and development ability by learning.It is the starting point,qualification and status to accept any level education .It can also derive the right of enrollment and entrance opp

24、ortunity and the right of student.(1) 入學(xué)升學(xué)機(jī)會權(quán)The Right Of Enrollment And Entrance Opportunity這類權(quán)利因國家在保障義務(wù)教育和非義務(wù)教育中的不同義務(wù)和Such right is different because of the different obligations and responsibilities in ensuring compulsory and non- compulsory education.責(zé)任而有所不同,其主要區(qū)別是所有權(quán)利主體接受義務(wù)教育的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會權(quán)實(shí)質(zhì)平等,而接受非義務(wù)教育

25、的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會權(quán)只是憑個(gè)人能力、在競爭選拔基礎(chǔ)上的形式平等。The main difference is that all rights of owners have the substantive equality in receiving the right of learning opportunities of compulsory education rather than having the formal equality in receiving the right of learning opportunities of non-compulsory education just

26、 by individual ability or on the basis of competitive selection.(2) 義務(wù)教育階段的入學(xué)升學(xué)機(jī)會權(quán)是指適齡兒童進(jìn)入小學(xué),小學(xué)畢業(yè)后可升入初中學(xué)習(xí)的權(quán)利。The right of enrollment and entrance opportunity of compulsory education is that schoolagechildren can enter elementary school and after graduation enter junior high school. 非義務(wù)教育階段的入學(xué)升學(xué)機(jī)會權(quán)包括

27、義務(wù)教育以下和義務(wù)教育以上階段的權(quán)利。The right of enrollment and entrance opportunity of non-compulsory education includes rights of the compulsory education stage. 我國在非義務(wù)教育階段,特別是在義務(wù)教育以上階段,由法律確認(rèn)的形式上的機(jī)會平等權(quán)還沒有完全的制度保障。In China,in the stage of compulsory education, especially in the above stage of compulsory education ,f

28、ormal opportunity equality which has been confirmed by law still has no complete protection system.當(dāng)前高中及高中以上階段招生制度方面存在許多爭議較大的問題,例如高考錄取線和招生比例的問題一直是爭議焦點(diǎn)。At present,admission system of high school and above high school has a lot of controversial problems.For example,the problem of the university entran

29、ce exam score and the percentage of admission has always been a controversial focus.除了個(gè)別試點(diǎn)省市外,全國統(tǒng)一命題、統(tǒng)一閱卷、統(tǒng)一評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),卻沒有統(tǒng)一的錄取分?jǐn)?shù)線。Except few pilot provinces and cities,nation unifies proposition,marking and scoring but admission scores.筆者認(rèn)為,雖然任何公平都是相對的, 各地教育發(fā)展水平差異較大,要求全國高考錄取線一刀切也不盡合理, 但目前的高考錄取線不統(tǒng)一,已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了

30、合理限度。類似的一些不公平實(shí)際上就影響到公民的入學(xué)升學(xué)機(jī)會權(quán)。I think that although any fair is relative and it is unrational to unify the national college entrance examination score because of big difference in localeducationdevelopment level,the disparity of local college entrance examination score has already gone far beyond r

31、easonable limit.Such inequity actually influences citizensthe right of enrollment and entrance opportunity.(3) 學(xué)生身份權(quán)(學(xué)籍權(quán)) the right of student學(xué)籍權(quán)是指作為受教育者的學(xué)生在其所在教育機(jī)構(gòu)擁有學(xué)生身份并利用其條件學(xué)習(xí)的權(quán)利。 The right of student is the right that the students aseducatees in their education institutions own student identity

32、and use their conditions to learn.任何人一旦有權(quán)進(jìn)入某一教育機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí), 經(jīng)登記注冊后就成為該教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)生, 也就獲得了相應(yīng)的學(xué)生身份, 而一旦喪失學(xué)生身份權(quán), 其他形式的受教育權(quán)也一同喪失, 由于學(xué)生身份權(quán)對受教育權(quán)的行使至關(guān)重要, 因而剝奪學(xué)生身份權(quán)是嚴(yán)重的侵權(quán), 法律對其保障也極為嚴(yán)密。Anyone once has the right to enter an education institutions to study,after the registration,he can be one of this education institution

33、s students and obtain the corresponding the right of student.However, once he loss the right of student,other forms of the right to education also are lost.Because the right of student is very important to the right to education,depriving the right of student is a serious infringement.The law guaran

34、tees it extremely seriously.在義務(wù)教育階段, 學(xué)生身份權(quán)無論何種理由都不得剝奪;即使是非義務(wù)教育階段, 非由法定理由并經(jīng)法定程序, 學(xué)生身份權(quán)也不得被剝奪。In compulsory education stage,the right of student cant be deprivedno matter what the reason is.Even in non-compulsory education stage,not by the legal reasons and legal procedures,the right of student cant b

35、e deprived,too.并且, 對于學(xué)生身份權(quán)的剝奪, 法律賦予學(xué)生包括訴訟途徑在內(nèi)的各種救濟(jì)手段。And ,for the dispivation of the right of student ,the law empowers students various means, including means of litigation2.學(xué)習(xí)成功權(quán) the right of learning success學(xué)習(xí)成功權(quán)是教育過程結(jié)束時(shí)的結(jié)果權(quán)利。The right of learning success is the right of final result upon the end of education.學(xué)業(yè)完成后,能否獲得用以資證明學(xué)習(xí)成功的評價(jià)及證明,對于每