高考閱讀方法詳解

1、英語閱讀講解1、 歷年高考英語閱讀材料類型及題型歸納1. 材料類型：記敘文、說明文及應(yīng)用文各出現(xiàn)幾篇材料類型出現(xiàn)頻率記敘文26篇說明文56篇應(yīng)用文13篇2.題型歸納及舉例出現(xiàn)頻率2016201520142013201220112010200920082007總計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)26191720222124252426224猜詞414234333330主旨1057365633452推理54255107910764在做閱讀是，首先要做到1.帶著問題閱讀短文即先快速瀏覽題干2.找出主題句、確定中心思想。記敘文：閱讀時(shí)要注意時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)人物及發(fā)生的故事。說明文：把我所說明的事物的特指和本質(zhì)。應(yīng)用文：應(yīng)用文范圍較廣，

2、但題目一般以細(xì)節(jié)題為主。（1）細(xì)節(jié)題細(xì)節(jié)題是閱讀理解中最多的題型，也是相對簡單的一部分。細(xì)節(jié)題只針對某個(gè)特定的細(xì)節(jié)，一般分為：直接理解題：在原文中可以直接找到答案詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題：正確選項(xiàng)是原文有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換細(xì)節(jié)題常見提問方式有：1.Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?2.It was found in the research that_3.Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?4. According to the author, th

3、e jealousy emotion is_從中我們可以提煉出一些共性：which/what.of according to. we can find that.When/where/how/what/why.等形式的疑問句做題方法一定位詞法：在文中尋找題干中出現(xiàn)的定位詞。定位詞一般有：表示人民、地名等的專有名詞；表示年份、數(shù)字、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的數(shù)次；題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的名詞等。例如：1. According to the author, the jealousy emotion is_.2. What is the effect of the hole in the ozone layer on A

4、ntarctica?3. We can know that before 1995 Mary_2 排除法錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征：張冠李戴、斷章取義、過度猜測、已然變未然/未然變已然、與原文完全無關(guān)等1.We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by_.A. making some soundsB. waving their leavesC. producing some chemicalsD. sending out electronic signals2.According to the writer, the mo

5、st amazing thing about the enose is that it can_.A. pick out ripe fruitsB. spot the insects quicklyC. distinguish different damages to the leavesD. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves練習(xí)You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed

6、below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams (1860-1935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社區(qū)) by creating shelters and promoting educa

7、tion and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.Rachel Carson (1907-1964)If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of polluti

8、on and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.Sandra Day OConnor (1930-present)When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senato

9、r（參議員）and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U. S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.Rosa Parks (1913-2005)On December 1,1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her

10、simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A. Her social work. B. Her teaching ski

11、lls.C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background.22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm?A. Her lack of proper training in law.B. Her little work experience in court.C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions.23. Who made a great c

12、ontribution to the civil-rights movement in the US?A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.C. Sandra Day OConnor. D. Rosa Parks.24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?A. They are highly educated.B. They are truly creative.C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace-lovers.(2)猜詞題猜詞義題型考查學(xué)生上下

13、文理解能力.猜詞題中常見的類型有：代詞、陌生詞、數(shù)詞生義等。題型容易辨析,常見提問方式有：(1)The underlined word “ ” in Paragraph 6 refers to _(2)What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean? (3)Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? (1) “.” as is used in the passage can best be def

14、ined as _.我們從中可以提煉出一些固定的標(biāo)志詞:underlined word,refers to,what does.mean,replace,be defined as等看到這些標(biāo)志詞，基本上可以判定這一題是屬于猜詞題。做題方法：一根據(jù)定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義在be，be called，call等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中，或定語從句及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，可以根據(jù)已知部分，猜測生詞的含義。例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。二根據(jù)對比

15、關(guān)系猜測生詞的詞義在but，however，yet，otherwise，though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯對比關(guān)系，根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過這種對比關(guān)系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如： Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對的便是“骯臟的”了，因此可猜出句中g(shù)rubby的意思是“骯臟的”。三通過因果關(guān)系猜測詞義because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，so是連接表示結(jié)果的狀語從句的連詞，so.that與such

16、.that中的that是連接結(jié)果狀語從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句子中，通過因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據(jù)because從句所講的意思，我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。四根據(jù)生活常識猜測詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識。再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據(jù)句

17、子意思及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，wither表示“枯萎”。五根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測詞義同等關(guān)系，指的是一個(gè)詞，一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞義都屬于同一范疇。明顯的標(biāo)志是，這樣的詞組或短語中間常常用并列連詞and或or來連接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時(shí)期”。六根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測詞義You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English

18、”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”. 從后面列舉的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，雜志”的意思。七根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義根據(jù)學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞法知識，知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如在2006年福建的高考題文章中有這樣一句： The schools are reluctant to take off even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the da

19、y off.A.kindB.unwillingC. freeD.careless 【解題思路】通過破折號可知正確答案為B.練習(xí)1. 猜測下列劃線句子的意思:(1) Peter loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.(2)Mother was tall and fat. The principal of the school was almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.(3)We must hang together,or we will be hanged separ

20、ately.(4)The wise never marry, and when they marry they become otherwise.2.選擇正確的選項(xiàng)。（1）（江蘇省2010高考二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)）Indeed,any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. The underlined ph

21、rase “stately homes” means_. A.state-owned houses B. houses in very good condition C. grand houses open to the public D. houses where statesmen meet regularly（2）We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. The underlined word “ally” most li

22、kely means somebody or something that is_ A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you（3）Fox was a university student in British Columbia when he became sick with bone cancer. Doctors had to amputate most of

23、his right leg. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “ amputate”? A. cure of B. cut off C. take away D. leave（4）People already use more than half of the worlds renewable fresh water. The word “ renewable” refers to the water that _. A. is fresh and new B. can be made new again C. can be ma

24、de clean and used again D. can always be replaced with new water. （5）Hundreds of years ago, much of the Holland was below sea level and was often flooded by the North Sea. This made the land swampy. What does the word “ swampy” mean?A. Dry and hard B. Deserted C. Soft and wet D. Rich （6）The children

25、 who have recently experienced a family breakup have a more difficult time with their study than children from normal consummate families. What does the word “consummate” mean? A. large B. wealthy C. complete D. poor（3）主旨這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心；要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬于高層次題。一般主旨大意題分為

26、選擇段落或文章的主題思想、標(biāo)題和寫作目的，1確定文章的標(biāo)題和主題(title or topic)常見的提問方式有：1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage?4) Whats the topic of the article?從中我們可以提煉出一些共性標(biāo)志詞/短語：Best title/headline entitled topic2.主題思想和寫作目的常見提問方式有1

27、) What is the topic sentence of the passage?2)This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?5)The purpose of the passage is_.從中我們可以提煉出一些共性標(biāo)志詞/短語：Mainly tells general/main idea of t

28、he passage the purpose 主旨大意題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)有以下特點(diǎn)：以偏概全、擴(kuò)大范圍、強(qiáng)加觀點(diǎn)、無關(guān)信息等做主旨題最主要的是把握文章的中心思想，此處有一些小技巧可以運(yùn)用。從文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)來抓主題。很多文章的主題句要么出現(xiàn)在文章開頭，要么出現(xiàn)在文章結(jié)尾，所以我們在閱讀文章時(shí)要特別留意頭開結(jié)尾，看中心句是否在其中。例如：主旨句在開頭Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandpros

29、perity.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbaditsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.第71題：Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout？A.Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.B.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.C.Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.D.Fail

30、uresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.瀏覽文章，我們看到文中第一句“Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.”（現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，關(guān)于競爭有很多爭議）便提出了文章的中心論點(diǎn)，所以答案為B。主旨句在結(jié)尾On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our

31、 families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving o

32、ur homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. Whats the main idea of the passage？ A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet. 在瀏覽全文后，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章最后一句“The

33、Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.”（因特網(wǎng)在我們的生活中起著越來越重要的作用）是全文的主題句。A項(xiàng)（遠(yuǎn)離網(wǎng)絡(luò)）與主題不符。B項(xiàng)（上網(wǎng)）過于籠統(tǒng)。D項(xiàng)（網(wǎng)上娛樂）只不過是短文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，不全面。所以答案為C。練習(xí)Runners in a relay(接力)race pass a stick in one direction. However, merchants passed silk, gold, fruit, and glass along the Silk Road in more

34、than one direction. They earned their living by traveling the famous Silk Road.The Silk Road was not a simple trading network. It passed through thousands of cities and towns. It started from eastern China, across Central Asia and the Middle East, and ended in the Mediterranean Sea. It was used from

35、 about 200 B. C. to about A. D. 1300, when sea travel offered new routes (路線). It was sometimes called the worlds longest highway. However，the Silk Road was made up of many routes, not one smooth path. They passed through what are now 18 countries. The routes crossed mountains and deserts and had ma

36、ny dangers of hot sun, deep snow and even battles. Only experienced traders could return safe.The Silk Road got its name from its most prized product. Silk could be used like money to pay taxes or buy goods. But the traders carried more than just silk. Gold, silver, and glass from Europe were much f

37、ound in the Middle East and Asia.Horses traded from other areas changed farming practices in China. Indian merchants traded salt and other valuable goods.Chinese merchants traded paper, which produced an immediate effect on the West. Apples traveled from central Asia to Rome.The Chinese had learned to graft(嫁接)different trees together to m