初中英語語法——句子成分

1、初中英語語法句子成分一、句子成分精講句子成分：主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語等。主要成分：主語和謂語1、主語 一個句子中需要加以說明或描述的對象。主語的位置： 一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當于名詞的詞、短語等充當。the school is far from here. 名詞做主語she goes to school by bike. 代詞做主語eight is a lucky number. 數(shù)詞做主語the blind need more help. 名詞化的形容詞做主語there is a pen on the desk. 名詞做主語predicting the fut

2、ure is interesting. 動名詞做主語to be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短語做主語2、謂語表示人或事物(主語)的動作和存在的狀態(tài).英語中由動詞be、動詞have和行為動詞來充當謂語動詞句子的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是通過謂語表現(xiàn)出來。 謂語動詞往往由一個或一個以上的助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加上主要動詞構(gòu)成。分析句子的主語和謂語mr. li teaches english.he can play the piano.my parents and i are having dinner.3、表語用來說明主語的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。表語的位置用在動詞be和系動詞的后面。名詞、代

3、詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、副詞等都可以和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。your pen is on the desk.he got very angry.my dream is to have a robot.常見的系動詞1. be動詞2. 與感覺有關(guān)的動詞 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示狀態(tài)變化的動詞，意為“變得” “變成” 如 get, grow, turn等上述兩類詞作連系動詞時要用形容詞作表語,千萬不能用副詞。4、賓語 是動作的對象或承受者。及物動詞必須跟賓語.及物動詞:直接接賓語的謂語動詞.不及物動詞:不能直接帶賓語的謂語動詞. 賓語可由名詞、代詞

4、、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、從句構(gòu)成.i saw a plane in the sky just now. 名詞做賓語i want three. 數(shù)詞做賓語i like going shopping. 動名詞做賓語we think predicting the future is hard. 賓語從句5、賓語補足語（賓補）有些及物動詞除了要有一個賓語之外, 還須加上一個補足語。如果沒有補足語(賓補), 有時候句子的意思就不完整。充當賓補的有:1. 形容詞作賓語補足語the sun keeps us warm.2. 介詞短語作賓語補足語: i found her in the room.3. 副詞作

5、賓語補足語。 please let him in.4. 名詞作賓語補足語。we made him monitor of the class.5. 動詞不定式和分詞也能用作賓語補足語。i asked him to come.6、定語定語修飾名詞或代詞(即在漢語里的的)1. 形容詞作定語(一般放在被修飾語之前,修飾不定代詞時放在后面) they have a clever son. i have something important to tell you.2. 名詞作定語: is it a color film?名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)形式, 如:school bus,ticket office,

6、 paper flowers但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shopman 和 woman修飾的名詞如果是復(fù)數(shù),它們總以復(fù)數(shù)的形式作定語,如: men drivers , women doctors3. 代詞作定語: this song is better than that one.4. 數(shù)詞作定語: there are only thirty students in our class.帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)合形容詞.當復(fù)合形容詞用連字號連接時,其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5. 副詞作定語(放在

7、被修飾詞之后):do you know the young man over there?6. 介詞短語作定語(放在被修飾詞之后):the students in our class like swimming.7、狀語 修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞,有的修飾全句, 用以說明地點, 時間, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 結(jié)果, 條件, 讓步等.1. 副詞作狀語: the old man is walking slowly. 表方式 the boy is very clever. 表程度2. 介詞短語作狀語: i have lived in shanghai for five years. 表時間3

8、. 不定式作狀語i come here to see you. 表目的4. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語the teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式5. 狀語從句well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow.狀語的位置1. 在一般情況下,用于句末。we like our school very much.2.為了強調(diào)狀語,可以把它放在句首.i usually get up at six, but this morning i got up at eight.3. 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always,

9、 usually, often, hardly, never,用于行為動詞前,be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞后i usually get up early.he is often late.一些副詞, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.the actor only sang a song.only the actor sang a song.the actor sang only one song.兩個或多個狀語同時修飾時的順序1. 地點狀語在前, 時間狀語在后. we will have a meeting in room 202 tomorrow.2. 較小單位的狀語在前,由小到大 mr. li lives at 88 chongwen rd., suzhou, jiangsu.3. 一個句子有幾個不同種類的副詞作狀語, 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點副詞, 時間副詞she san