名詞性從句講義

1、 every jack has his jill. 先要明白： 獨(dú)立存在的主謂語結(jié)構(gòu)是主句。不能獨(dú)立存在而必須從屬于主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是從句。名詞性從句就是在整個句子中的作用相當(dāng)于一個名詞或名詞短語的從句。名詞性從句作主語、賓語、表語和同位語。一 定義：一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（從）在另一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（主）中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語 名詞從句涵蓋：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。 辨別下列名詞性從句的類別：1.how the book will sell depends on its author.主語從句2.john said that he was leaving for london on w

2、ednesday.賓語從句3.the fact is that he has not been seen recently.表語從句4.the fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 同位語從句5.he will talk to us about what he saw in u.s.賓語從句6.it is impossible that i go and attend the meeting.主語從句that/wh-clause + v +主語從句s +be/link.v + that/

3、wh-clause表語從句s + vt + that/wh-clause賓語從句s + vi + prep + wh-clause賓語從句 二引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類： 連接詞：that, whether, if連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose(ever), which（ever).連接副詞：when, where, how, why1、that只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分， 本身也沒有意義，只有在賓語從句中可省略2、 引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句,that不可省略。 千萬別放在介詞后！3.wheth

4、er 能引導(dǎo)所有名詞從句，而且能和or not連用；if 只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且不能和or not連用4.what 引導(dǎo)名詞從句時，可有兩種意義：1.表示疑問意義2.表示的東西i dont know what he wants. thats what he wants.what =all that this is what we should do. this is all(that) we should do. 但this is all what we should do. 錯誤5.從句要用陳述語序，尤其是wh-類詞引出的從句要倍加注意。i want to know whats your na

5、me.6.帶-ever的關(guān)系代詞其強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。 whoever makes mistakes must correct them. you can take whichever room you prefer. that在從句中不作成分，沒有意義；whether和if是連詞，在句中只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，但不能省略；而wh-連接代詞和連接副詞在從句中充當(dāng)某一成分，且有意義。 動詞doubt表示“懷疑、不知道” 解時，肯定句接whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；否定句dont doubt和疑問句do you doubt要接that引導(dǎo)的從句。e. g. i dont doubt that he

6、 will come soon. 我不懷疑他不久會來。 can you doubt that he will win? 你懷疑他會贏嗎？ i doubt whether it is true. 我懷疑那不是真的。 whether從句幾乎能作所有介詞的賓語；that引導(dǎo)的從句只能作except, but, besides的介詞賓語。e. g. i have no interest in whether he will come. he is a good boy except that he is careless sometimes.whether和if的區(qū)別（1）whether可以用于dis

7、cuss和一般的介詞，而if不能。（2）whether用于所有的名詞性從句，而if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句； 主語從句在句首時不用if；有形式主語it時if能引導(dǎo)主語從句。（3）whether可以構(gòu)成whether or not或whether or no，if則不能。 但可以說whether/if or not, whether/if or。（4）if引導(dǎo)的從句可用于否定謂語后，whether從句則不能。e. g. i dont care if you wont come. 我才不在乎他來不來呢。 he doesnt care if you dont pay the money. 你付不付錢他不在乎

8、。主語從句 主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. it 作形式主語 it 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。例如： it is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. it doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 2. what與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如：1) _you said yest

9、erday is right.it is right what you said yesterday. 2) _she is still alive is a good thing. it is a good thing that she is still alive.賓語從句 賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞) 或介詞之后。1. 作動詞的賓語 (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如： i heard that he joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如： s

10、he did not know what had happened. i wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如： she told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介詞的賓語，例如： our success depends upon how well we can cooperate(合作）with one another.3. 作形容詞surecertaingladhappy等的賓語，例如： i am afraid (that) ive made

11、 a mistake. i am sure (that) he will win the game.4. it 可以作為形式賓語 it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如： we thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.5. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯

12、定式。例如：i dont think the dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和it is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) the question is _ we can make good preparation in such a short time. whether/ how 2) this is _ we cant ge

13、t the support of the people. why3) but the fact remains _ we are behind the other classes. that4) the reason _ he is late for school is _ he missed the early bus. why/that同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1. 同位語從句的功能 同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如： 1) the kings decision that the prisoner would b

14、e set free surprised all the people. 2) the order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語在句子中的位置 同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如： he got the news from mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，

15、只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述它的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行具體內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充說明。例如：1) the news that he told me is that tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）2)the news that tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成

16、分）whether 與 if 均為 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情況下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：主語從句whether he will come is unknown. 2. 表語從句，如：the question is whether you should accept it.3. 同位語從句，如：the question whether hell attend the meeting is not decided.4. 從句作介詞的賓語，如： im not interested in whether theyll go or not. it depends on whether

17、 we have got enough money. 5. 直接跟不定式連用，如she hasnt decided whether to go or not.用if 或whether 填空1. i dont know _ ill be free tomorrow.whether /if2. i dont know _ or not ill be free tomorrow.whether3. the question is _ this book is worth writing.whether 4. it depends on _ we will have enough money.whet

18、her5. _ they can do it matters little to us.whether6._ you are not free tomorrow , ill go without you. ifthat在同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別辨別下列從句是定語從句還是同位語從句1.we heard the news that our team had won.2.we must face the fact that we had spent all our money.3. the news that he told me yesterday was false.4. i have no doubt that he will come soon. 5. the fact is that we have spent all our mo