中級經(jīng)濟(jì)師經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)知識學(xué)習(xí)講義01

1、專業(yè)好文檔第一章市場需求、供給與均衡價格第一部分經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)一、市場需求（一）需求的含義（掌握）需求是在一定時間內(nèi)和一定價格條件下，消費(fèi)者對某種商品或服務(wù)愿意而且能夠購買的數(shù)量。需求的構(gòu)成要素有兩個：一是購買欲望；二是支付能力。市場需求是消費(fèi)者需求的總和?！纠}單選題】需求是在一定時間內(nèi)和一定價格條件下，消費(fèi)者對某種商品或服務(wù)（）。a.愿意購買的數(shù)量 b.能夠購買的數(shù)量c.愿意而且能夠購買的數(shù)量 d.實際購買的數(shù)量答疑編號2883010101正確答案c （二）決定需求的基本因素（掌握）影響需求變動的因素對需求的影響（1）消費(fèi)者的偏好支配著消費(fèi)者在使用價值相同或接近的替代品之間的消費(fèi)選擇。（2）消費(fèi)者

2、的個人收入消費(fèi)者收入一般指一個社會的人均收入一般情況下，消費(fèi)者收入變動將引起需求同方向變動（3）產(chǎn)品價格一般而言，產(chǎn)品自身價格和需求的變動呈反方向變化（4）替代品的價格商品的需求與替代品的價格呈同方向變化。（5）互補(bǔ)品的價格商品的需求與互補(bǔ)品的價格呈反方向變化。（6）預(yù)期（7）其他因素影響需求最關(guān)鍵的因素是該商品本身的價格?！纠?單選題】消費(fèi)者收入一般是指社會的人均收入，一般來說，消費(fèi)者收入變動與需求的變動（）。a.呈同方向變化 b.呈反方向變化 c.不相關(guān) d.完全等價答疑編號2883010102正確答案a 【例2多選題】（2010年）影響需求變動的主要因素有（）。a.消費(fèi)者偏好 b.互補(bǔ)品

3、價格c.消費(fèi)者的收入 d.預(yù)期 e.生產(chǎn)成本答疑編號2883010103正確答案abcd 【例3單選題】影響需求的因素很多，其中最關(guān)鍵的因素是（）。a.商品品種 b.國家政策 c.商品本身的價格 d.消費(fèi)者偏好答疑編號2883010104正確答案c 【例4多選題】關(guān)于決定需求的基本因素，以下表述正確的是（）。a.產(chǎn)品本身價格和需求的變動呈反方向變化b.價格是影響需求的最重要的因素c.如果預(yù)期價格將下跌，許多消費(fèi)者將提前購買d.互補(bǔ)商品中，一種商品價格上升，會引起另一種商品需求隨之降低e.消費(fèi)者的偏好支配著他在使用價值相同或接近的替代品之間的消費(fèi)選擇答疑編號2883010105正確答案abde

4、【例5單選題】（2009年）某月內(nèi)，甲商品的替代品和互補(bǔ)品的價格同時上升，引起的甲商品的需求變動量分別為50單位和80單位，則在這類商品價格變動的共同作用下，該月甲商品的需求量變動情況是（）。a.增加30單位 b.減少30單位c.增加130單位 d.減少130單位答疑編號2883010106正確答案b答案解析某商品的需求量與其替代品價格變化同方向，與其互補(bǔ)品價格變化相反。替代品價格上升，導(dǎo)致本商品需求量上升50個單位，互補(bǔ)品價格上升導(dǎo)致本商品需求量下降80個單位，總共影響是甲商品需求量下降30個單位。 （三）需求函數(shù)、需求規(guī)律和需求曲線（掌握）（2011年新增）需求函數(shù)：表示一種商品的需求量與

5、影響該需求量的各種因素之間的相互關(guān)系，在假定價格之外的其他各種因素不變情況下，需求函數(shù)表明某商品的消費(fèi)者隨價格變化愿意購買的數(shù)量。qdqd（p）需求規(guī)律：一般情況下，需求與價格的變動成反方向變化。特殊商品不符合需求規(guī)律，如鉆石、某些生活必需品需求曲線：把需求和價格之間的關(guān)系用曲線表示出來，這條曲線被稱為需求曲線。需求曲線從左上方向右下方傾斜。如圖1-1。（2011年新增）需求的變動分為兩種類型：（1）需求數(shù)量的變動本身價格變動引起的需求曲線上點(diǎn)的變動（2）需求的變動商品本身價格以外的其他因素變化引起的需求的變化整條需求曲線的位移【例題單選題】需求的變動是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果，下列屬于需求數(shù)量

6、的變動的是（）。a.其他因素不變，商品本身價格變動引起的需求數(shù)量變動b.其他因素不變，替代品價格變動引起的某商品需求數(shù)量變動c.其他因素不變，互補(bǔ)品價格變動引起的某商品需求數(shù)量變動d.其他因素不變，消費(fèi)者收入變動引起的某商品需求數(shù)量變動答疑編號2883010107正確答案a 二、市場供給（一）供給的含義和影響供給的因素（掌握）供給是指某一時間內(nèi)和一定的價格水平下，生產(chǎn)者愿意并可能為市場提供商品或服務(wù)的數(shù)量。市場供給是所有生產(chǎn)者供給的總和。（2011年新增）供給函數(shù)：表示各種影響因素與供給量之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系。在假定價格之外的其他各種因素不變情況下，只考慮某種商品的供給量和該商品價格之間的關(guān)系的供給

7、函數(shù)為： qsqs（p）影響供給的因素對供給的影響（1）產(chǎn)品價格在其他條件不變的情況下，某種產(chǎn)品自身的價格和其供給的變動呈正方向變化。（2）生產(chǎn)成本在其他條件不變的情況下，某種產(chǎn)品自身的成本和其供給的變動呈反方向變化。（3）生產(chǎn)技術(shù)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步或革新，將增加產(chǎn)品供給。（4）預(yù)期（5）相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的價格（6）其它因素【例1單選題】在其他條件不變的情況下，成本降低，供給將（）。a.增加 b.減少 c.不變 d.不受任何影響答疑編號2883010108正確答案a 【例2多選題】影響供給的因素主要包括（）。a.產(chǎn)品價格 b.生產(chǎn)成本c.生產(chǎn)技術(shù) d.生產(chǎn)要素價格 e.消費(fèi)者的個人收入答疑編號288301

8、0109正確答案abcd （二）供給規(guī)律和供給曲線（掌握）供給規(guī)律：一般情況下，供給量與價格之間呈正向關(guān)系變化。供給曲線：用橫軸表示供給量，縱軸表示價格，將供給量和價格之間的關(guān)系用曲線表示出來。供給曲線從左下方向右上方傾斜。如圖13（2011年新增）供給的變動是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果：（1）供給數(shù)量的變動商品本身價格變動引起的供給曲線上點(diǎn)的變動；（2）供給的變動商品本身價格以外的其他因素變化引起的整條供給曲線的位移【例1單選題】在其他條件不變的情況下，產(chǎn)品價格降低，供給將（）。a.增加 b.減少 c.不變 d.不受任何影響答疑編號2883010110正確答案b 【例2單選題】供給曲線是一條（）

9、的曲線a.從左上方向右下方傾斜 b.從左下方向右上方傾斜 c.水平 d.垂直答疑編號2883010111正確答案b 三、均衡價格（一）均衡價格的形成和變動考試內(nèi)容：掌握均衡數(shù)量和均衡價格的含義均衡價格是供給量和需求量相等時的價格，與均衡價格相對應(yīng)的相等的供求數(shù)量稱為均衡數(shù)量。【例題單選題】（）是市場供給力量和需求力量相互抵消時所達(dá)到的價格水平。a.公允價格 b.均衡價格 c.計劃價格 d.不變價格答疑編號2883010112正確答案b （二）均衡價格模型的應(yīng)用最高限價與保護(hù)價格措施（掌握）最高限價保護(hù)價格定義由政府為某種產(chǎn)品規(guī)定一個具體的價格，市場交易只能在這一價格之下進(jìn)行也叫支持價格或最低限

10、價，就是由政府規(guī)定一個具體的價格，市場交易只能在這一價格之上進(jìn)行。目標(biāo)保護(hù)消費(fèi)者利益或降低某些生產(chǎn)者的生產(chǎn)成本保護(hù)生產(chǎn)者利益或支持某一產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。措施類型屬于政府對價格的干預(yù)措施實施的情形當(dāng)某些商品價格上漲幅度過大，有可能影響居民的基本生活需要或影響生產(chǎn)的正常進(jìn)行時當(dāng)某些產(chǎn)品價格下降幅度過大，生產(chǎn)者收入過少，有可能影響生產(chǎn)的正常進(jìn)行時與均衡價格的關(guān)系最高限價低于均衡價格保護(hù)價格高于均衡價格產(chǎn)生的影響實施最高限價，往往出現(xiàn)供不應(yīng)求現(xiàn)象，造成短缺。往往出現(xiàn)供過于求現(xiàn)象保障措施必須有強(qiáng)有力的行政措施或分配措施。需建立政府的收購和儲備系統(tǒng)。注意事項只宜短期、在局部地區(qū)實行，不應(yīng)長期化。只宜在糧食等少數(shù)

11、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品上實行?！纠?單選題】（2007、2008年）在我國，實行最高限價屬于政府對市場價格的（）。a.平衡措施 b.引導(dǎo)措施 c.緊急措施 d.干預(yù)措施答疑編號2883010113正確答案d 【例2多選題】下列關(guān)于最高限價的說法，正確的是（）。a.其目標(biāo)是保護(hù)消費(fèi)者利益或降低某些生產(chǎn)者的生產(chǎn)成本 b.屬于政府對價格的干預(yù)措施 c.最高限價低于均衡價格d.最高限價高于均衡價格 e.其目標(biāo)是保護(hù)生產(chǎn)者利益或支持某一產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展 答疑編號2883010114正確答案abc 【例3多選題】（2009年）在一般情況下，政府實施最高限價可能產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或問題有（）。a.供給短缺 b.生產(chǎn)者變相漲價 c.黑市交

12、易d.生產(chǎn)者變相降價 e.過度生產(chǎn)【答案】abc【例4單選題】（2010年）政府對部分食品實施最高限價政策時，最可能導(dǎo)致的情況是（）。a.出現(xiàn)市場短缺 b.刺激生產(chǎn)增加c.引起產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)過剩 d.提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者收入答疑編號2883010115正確答案a答案解析由于最高限價低于均衡價格，因此會刺激消費(fèi)，限制生產(chǎn)，導(dǎo)致供給減少和需求增加，結(jié)果就是市場短缺。 【例5多選題】保護(hù)價格也稱（）。a.支持價格 b.最高限價 c.最低限價 d.開放價格 e.計劃價格答疑編號2883010116正確答案ac 【例6多選題】（2010年）在一般情況下，政府對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品實施保護(hù)價格可能產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果有（）。a.供給短缺 b

13、.生產(chǎn)者變相漲價 c.市場過剩d.生產(chǎn)者收入下降 e.生產(chǎn)增長答疑編號2883010117正確答案ce答案解析由于保護(hù)價格高于均衡價格，會刺激生產(chǎn)、限制消費(fèi)，導(dǎo)致市場過剩。如果沒有政府的收購，就會出現(xiàn)變相降價或黑市交易等問題，并可能導(dǎo)致市場價格的下降。 【例7單選題】（2009年）政府為了保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者利益，對部分農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品規(guī)定了保護(hù)價格。為了實施這種價格政策，應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)的措施是（）。a.取消農(nóng)業(yè)稅 b.對城鎮(zhèn)居民實行糧食配給制c.當(dāng)市場上出現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品過剩時進(jìn)行收購 d.擴(kuò)大農(nóng)民家電消費(fèi)答疑編號2883010118正確答案c 【例8多選題】（2008年）下列關(guān)于保護(hù)價格的說中，正確的有（）。a.總

14、是高于均衡價格 b.總是低于均衡價格c.導(dǎo)致市場過剩，需要政府收購 d.導(dǎo)致市場短缺，需要實行配給制e.可能會出現(xiàn)變相漲價現(xiàn)象答疑編號2883010119正確答案ac四、彈性（一）需求價格彈性1.需求價格彈性的定義（掌握）需求價格彈性是指需求量對價格變動的反應(yīng)程度，是需求量變動百分比與價格變動百分比的比率。即：需求價格彈性系數(shù)需求量的相對變動/價格的相對變動ed為負(fù)數(shù)，為簡便起見，取其絕對值。2.需求價格彈性系數(shù)的計算公式（1）點(diǎn)彈性點(diǎn)彈性是需求曲線某一點(diǎn)上的彈性（2）弧彈性弧彈性適用于價格和需求量變動較大的場合。點(diǎn)彈性適用于價格和需求量變動較小的場合。弧彈性系數(shù)的計算公式為：3.需求價格彈性

15、的基本類型（1）需求富有彈性或高彈性。ed1（2）需求單一彈性。ed1（3）需求缺乏彈性或低彈性。ed0商品的需求量與替代品的價格呈同方向變化牛肉價格上升，在羊肉價格不變的情況下，將導(dǎo)致羊肉需求增加。（2）互補(bǔ)品eij1，表明收入彈性高高檔品ey1，表明收入彈性低必需品ey0ey1，供給彈性充足；（2）es1，供給彈性不充足；（3）es1，供給單位彈性；（4）es0，供給完全無彈性；（5）es，供給完全有彈性。第（4）、（5）兩種情況很少見。3.影響供給價格彈性的因素（掌握）影響供給價格彈性的因素對供給價格彈性的影響（1）決定供給彈性的首要因素：時間短期內(nèi)，供給彈性一般較?。幌喾?，在較長的時間

16、內(nèi)，供給彈性一般比較大。（2）生產(chǎn)周期和自然條件（3）投入品替代性大小和相似程度投入品替代性大，相似程度高，則供給彈性大?！纠?單選題】（）是決定供給彈性的首要因素。a.資金有機(jī)構(gòu)成b.生產(chǎn)周期和自然條件c.投入品替代性大小d.時間答疑編號2883010211正確答案d 【例2單選題】由于供給規(guī)律的作用，價格的變化和供給的變化總是（）的，所以，es的符號始終為（）。a.同方向的，正值b.反方向的，負(fù)值c.同方向的，負(fù)值d.反方向的，正值答疑編號2883010212正確答案a 【例3多選題】影響供給價格彈性的因素有（）。a.替代品數(shù)量和相近程度 b.商品重要性 c.商品用途多寡d.時間 e.生產(chǎn)

17、周期和自然條件答疑編號2883010213正確答案deif we dont do that it will go on and go on. we have to stop it; we need the courage to do it.his comments came hours after fifa vice-president jeffrey webb - also in london for the fas celebrations - said he wanted to meet ivory coast international toure to discuss his com

18、plaint.cska general director roman babaev says the matter has been exaggerated by the ivorian and the british media.blatter, 77, said: it has been decided by the fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. you can always find money from somebody to pay them.it is a no

19、nsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team. it is all nonsense.we can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.this is one of the villains we have today in our game. but it is only with harsh sanctions tha

20、t racism and discrimination can be washed out of football.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i

21、am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2

22、-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.baumgar

23、tner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the ball

24、oon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.1

25、7 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.b

26、elow, the earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. it will be like he is diving into the shallow end.skydiver preps for the big jump

27、when he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to earth. but this will not be enough to stop him completely.if he goes too fast or spins out

28、 of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. his team hopes its not needed. instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).in order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have

29、 to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). he will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.even if everything goes as planned, it wont. baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to wo

30、rk higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause therewinger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.bot

31、h sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.b

32、ut it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and

33、rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 15

34、0th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa haso

35、pened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complai

36、nt. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very c

37、alm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kil

38、ometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the fina