李偉然論文初稿修評閱[精選]

1、本 科 生 畢 業(yè) 論 文學 院 外國語學院 專 業(yè) 英語 屆 別 2017屆 題 目on the adventures of huckleberry finn from the perspective of the incongruity theory 從不協(xié)調理論看哈克貝利費恩歷險記學生姓名 李偉然 學 號 201308401309 指導教師 張寶來 教 務 處 制on the adventures of huckleberry finn from the perspective of the incongruity theory of humora thesissubmitted to

2、the school of foreign languages(english major)yunnan minzu university in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofbachelor of artsbyli weiran class of 2017student code: 201308401309supervised byzhang baolaidecember 25, 2016云南民族大學畢業(yè)論文(設計)原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文(設計)，是本人在指導教師的指導下進行研究工作所取得的成

3、果。除論文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內容外，本論文沒有抄襲、剽竊他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表的研究成果。本聲明的法律結果由本人承擔。 畢業(yè)論文(設計)作者簽名： 日 期： 年 月 日關于畢業(yè)論文(設計)使用授權的說明本人完全了解云南民族大學有關保留、使用畢業(yè)論文(設計)的規(guī)定，即：學校有權保留、送交論文的復印件，允許論文被查閱，學?？梢怨颊撐?設計)的全部或部分內容，可以采用影印或其他復制手段保存論文(設計)。（保密論文在解密后應遵守）指導教師簽名： 論文(設計)作者簽名： 日期： 年 月 日acknowledgementi want to express my sincere gratitude to my sup

4、ervisor, professor zhang baolai. without him, i can never finish my paper. at the beginning of writing this paper, i had no idea of how to arrange it. mr. zhang brought me great hope with his constantly encouragement and patient guidance, and finally i can have a clear arrangement to my thesis.i als

5、o want to say thank you to my dear parents and my younger sister, who companied and cared for me all the time. its really an uneasy journey to complete this thesis and they are the one who encouraged me to overcome the pressure and difficulties. my thanks also goes to my friends, with whom i spent m

6、y valuable and wonderful four years. i really learned a lot from them.abstractas a well know humorist and a prolific writer, mark twain is regarded as a literary giant. he creates lots of famous short stories and novels with his talented gift, among which the most famous novel is his masterpiece the

7、 adventures of huckleberry finn. this book gains its popularity in literatus, even in the world. hence, there are so many people study this novel form different perspectives .in this paper ,the author will analyze it from the perspective of incongruity, to find out the using of incongruity theory in

8、 the novel and its humor effects. this thesis consists of five chapters. chapter one is a general introduction to mark twain and the novel, the adventures of huckleberry finn. chapter two is literature view to have a broad outline of previous study of this novel. chapter three will help us to have a

9、 better understanding about “humor” and “humor theories”, especially incongruity theory. chapter four is the main body of this paper. the purpose of this chapter is to unscramble the application of incongruity theory in the adventures of huckleberry finn. chapter five will give us a whole conclusion

10、 about this paper.key words: mark twain, humor, incongruity theory 摘要馬克吐溫作為一個著名的幽默大師和一個多產(chǎn)的作家，被認為是一個文學巨匠。他用他的天賦創(chuàng)作了很多著名的短篇小說和長篇小說，其中哈克貝利費恩歷險記是他在長篇小說中最著名的杰作，這本書在文學界甚至是在全世界都很受歡迎。因此，有許多人從不同角度來研究這本小說。在這篇論文中，作者將從不協(xié)調的角度研究這本小說，并找出書中應用了不協(xié)調理論的地方及其幽默效果。這篇論文由五個章節(jié)組成。第一章對馬克吐溫和哈克貝利費恩歷險記做了簡要的概括。第二章是文獻綜述，對前人的研究進行一個大概

11、的介紹。第三章將會讓大家對“幽默”和幽默理論有更深的認識，尤其是不協(xié)調理論。第四章是這篇論文的主體部分，目的在于對不協(xié)調理論在哈克貝利費恩歷險記中的應用進行解讀。第五章是對這篇論文總的概括。關鍵詞：馬克吐溫，幽默，不協(xié)調理論contentsacknowledgementivabstractv摘要vi1. introduction11.1. introduction to mark twain11.2. introduction to the adventures of huckleberry finn22. literature reviews32.1. international study

12、52.2. domestic study53. theoretical background63.1. humor63.2. the incongruity theory84. incongruity in the adventures of huckleberry finn10 4.1. incongruity of languages in the novel104.1.1. vernacular language and standard language104.1.2. dramatic language and standard language124.2. incongruity

13、of thoughts and actions13 4.3. incongruity of context and peoples act154.4. incongruity and humor effects164.4.1. satirizing164.4.2. amusing175. conclusion18references191. introduction1.1. introduction to mark twain samuel langhorne clemens(1835-1910), well known by his pen name mark twain, is consi

14、dered to be one of the greatest humorists and novelists in american literature. his works are full of humorous language and the purpose of his humor is to make people laugh. mark twain experienced both two periods , civil war and the recovery of the nation after the war, which had an great influence

15、 on his writing style.it can be said that american civil war was a turning point of mark twains life. during the period that mark twain worked as a steamboat pilot on the mississippi, he was satisfied with his everyday life. his experience of being a steamboat pilot made him very familiar with all k

16、inds of human nature. at least, at that time he was full of hopes and confidence towards future. but all has been changed after the war. as a witness of the war, mark twain distinctly saw the great changes in this nation. after the civil war, people were all trying to seek every opportunity to creat

17、e a new life. like most of the american people, mark twain joined the so called “gold rush” or “american dream”. all of these looked like a good beginning of re-construction and also a tendency to be prosperous. but gradually, mark twain found that there were lots of difference between what he saw a

18、nd the true reality. that was abjective. the incompetent government and the growth of monopoly phenomenon made american people became immoral and self-serving. in that money-grubbing times, material prosperity was what they only wanted to pursue and its impossible to refuse to be successful. so, the

19、y would try as possibly as they could to compete with others. however, on the other hand, they were filled with stress and depression. thus, as most of the american writers do, mark twain chose to write humorous works to make people laugh. in 1865, the publishing of the celebrated jumping frog of ca

20、laveras county made mark twain known by people as a humorist. mark twain is regarded as the father of modern american literature and enjoys great popularity. all his achievements and reputations owe to not only his unique humorous writing style, but also his wisdom to combine humor with satire. livi

21、ng in a period where humorous literature was flourishing, mark twain developed his humorous writing skills rapidly. he learned all other kinds of humorous writing skills from other humorists, the characters or the themes of mark twains novels mainly came from the “l(fā)ife”. due to the darkness of the a

22、merican society and the tortuosity of personality, mark twain were not only get pleasure, but also we can feel the satire of the american society, especially the corruption and injustice. and this is why he made himself as a social critic and satirist. mark twain had a great influence on american li

23、terature. lots of writers, such as earnest hemingway, william faulkner were affected by him. all in all, mark twain should be regarded as a literary giant in american literary history. 1.2. introduction to the adventures of huckleberry finnas mark twains representative works, the adventures of huckl

24、eberry finn ( huckleberry finn for short hereafter) has a deep influence on american literature. 先補充該書的出版信息，什么時候出版，出版社等。earnest hemingway once said that all modern american literature comes from mark twains masterpiece：huckleberry finn. why dose hemingway praise this literary works so highly is beca

25、use that the language style, the characters and the theme of this novel reveal a new high level in mark twains writing ability and his thought. huckleberry finn combines the reality of realism and the lyricism of romanticism perfectly. for many years, this novel has been favored by people around the

26、 world. this book takes childrens colorful adventures as clues, exploring the decadent life style of capitalist class and the detriment of slavery. this book contains mark twains careful thinking and criticism to the american society. its unique writing style and deep meaning make it become one of t

27、he most famous book in the world. huckleberry finn reflects that the humanity finally will defeat the immoral forces of his education. huck, a piteous child living with his drunkard father, is adopted by a warmhearted widow who tries to educate and moralize him. she forces him to behave properly and

28、 to live a so called civilized life. he also has to go to school. all of these make huck uncomfortable and insufferable. his father takes him back to their home, and huck would rather stay at the poor area with freedom then the rich area surrounded by genteel constraint. but all these come to an end

29、 when hucks father nearly kills him after drinking a lot. huck determines to escape and meets the slave jim by accident on his runaway journey. they accompany each other and begin their adventures. at the beginning, effected deeply by the traditional view towards slave, huck treats jim unfairly and

30、he even wants to betray jim. when huck protects jim, he thinks that he will go to hell certainly. at the same time, jim was sincere and kind. he will try all his best to protect and care for huck. finally, jim is saved with the help of tom and tom tells jim that he is free now. the story at least en

31、ds in a happy ending.mark twains unusual writing ability putting humor into every corner of this book is one of the reasons why huckleberry finn is so famous and popular around the world. in this novel, mark twain uses a large number of slang and dialects, which form the humor effects perfectly. the

32、 colloquial language reveals the characteristics of the characters. meanwhile, this unique expression brings us lots of humorous impacts. with the publishing of huckleberry finn, american literature exists some different attitudes towards it, which makes it controversial. but as time goes by, huckle

33、berry finn was proved to be a classic in american literature even in the world.2. literature reviewshumor has been studied for more than 2,000 years and it can be traced back to the times of plato and aristotle. most of the scholars studied humor from the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology.

34、 linguistics also did some research on humor, but until the late 1970s linguistics became the dominant research on humor. linguistic scholars try to use some pragmatic theories to explain humor, such as mention theory and relevance theory.3. 2.1. international reviewhumor 這部分重點梳理國外對小說的研究。根據(jù)手頭掌握的資料，列

35、舉篇目，歸納主要觀點。as a flavoring agent in the human language is a product of incongruity. all along, foreign scholars of the study of humor never stopped. such as humor and humanit by stephen leacock, the philosophy of language and humor by john morreall, humor: its origin and development by pe mcghee, the

36、 semantic foundation of cognitive theories of humor by s. attardo, and linguistic theories of humor, rl latta, the basic humor process: a cognitive-shift theory and the case against incongruity, geoffrey n. leech, principles of pragmatic and w. nash, the language of humor and so on were carried out

37、on the different aspects of humor. the theories related to humor in foreign countries are koestlers theory of heterogeneous association, raskins humorous semantic script theory, attardo and raskins general theory of verbal humor, veatchs theory of violation and fauconnier and turners conceptual inte

38、gration theory.2.2. domestic reviewdomestic research on humor and the adventures of huckleberry finn is mainly in the form of papers and periodicals. for example, 很好，上面一部分也要這樣寫。the study of humor mainly includes pragmatic analysis of english humor 不僅要羅列篇目，而且需要概述其主要觀點。by lu guangdan, english humor an

39、d its linguistic expression by luo saiqun, zhang ninjiaos analysis of english humor from the perspective of pragmatics zhou lei s discourse analysis of conversational humor and wang yibin s study of english humorous discourse . the study of the adventures of huckleberry finn includes lin lings a pra

40、gmatic study of verbal humor, wang wannuans pragmatic analysis of the humor of language in the adventures of huckleberry finn a study of humor in the adventures of huckleberry finn by wei pengcheng, guo wentaos humor in the perspective of cooperative principle - taking the adventures of huckleberry

41、as an example, wang li and the application of humor theory in the adventures of huckleberry finn in the adventures of huckleberry finn in the perspective of relevance theory. as humor involves a wide range of domestic theory of humor on a lot of theory, but summed up roughly three categories: from t

42、he communication point of view; from the perspective of rhetorical aesthetics as a satire, pun, exaggeration and other dramatic expression of ideas, from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics.文獻綜述結尾需要簡要說明國內外研究取得的成就和研究存在的局限，引出下文。4. theoretical background需要有幾個過度的句子概述這部分主要講述的內容，引出下文。3.1. humoractuall

43、y, the original meaning of “ humor” is not what we think today. it was a medical word in ancient time, which means “fluid” or “moisture”, determining peoples mental and physical health. at that time, humor can be divided into four fluids in ones body, which controlled the disposition, health, physic

44、al appearance and personality.but as time went by, humor was applied into literature. at the end of 16th century, the british dramatist ben johnson related “humor” with his two dramas, every man in his humor and every man out of his humor, and it indicated that humor found its way into literature. s

45、o what is humor? the meaning of humor varied from different fields. some schools think that humor is something related to funniness. for example, when you say someone is humorous, you mean he is funny. and this is most acceptable meaning in modern society. nash regards humor as a derivation of cultu

46、re, institution, attitudes, beliefs, typical practices and characteristic. from mcghee point of view, the nature of humor is complicated and multifaceted and it is something not real.humor is a unique character of human beings, which exists in all nations and areas in the world. in modern society, h

47、umor can not only bring you happiness, but also may bring you some opportunities. nowadays, we live in a world full of tensions, indifference, competitions and lack of satisfaction and happiness. humor leads us into a relaxing, comfortable and pleasant environment and it also helps us solve many pro

48、blems easily. following are three functions of humor. first, humor makes us happy. this is the most basic function of humor. there are lots of humorous people, humorous stories and activities around us. our life must be very boring without the company of humor. second, humor can make us relaxed. liv

49、ing in modern society, you have to meet different pressure all the time, so the sense of humor reminds us of smiling and gives us a sense of happiness. when you meet something difficult, humor will bring you lots of courage. third, having a sense of humor has a big influence on your interpersonal in

50、teraction. people are inclined to make friends with someone who has a sense of humor, because talking with this kind of people makes you feel how beautiful life is.3.2. the incongruity theory這部分需要重新組織一下，除了交代該理論的內涵，來龍去脈之外，重點要交代后面分析中用到的部分，為后文的分析做準備。there are plenty of humor theories, but among all of

51、them three of them are most famous. they are superiority theory, relief theory and incongruity theory. besides, the incongruity theory is the dominant one among them. the author will mainly focus on the introduction of incongruity theory in this paper.for a long time, many people try to use their ow

52、n way to explain the incongruity theory. it can be said that aristotle is the first one to give the explanation. he thinks that laughter comes from the incongruity between expectation and the results. in rhetoric, aristotle presents this method to make people laugh. at the beginning of the play, he

53、gave audience an expectation, and at last the audience got something unexpected, which made them feel surprised. in aristotles view, incongruity theory means that humor will be created at the moment of recognization of incongruity between the expectation and the facts.the philosophy plato is conside

54、red to be the first who made great contributions to the study of incongruity theory. he asserts that a man who lacks of correct self-assessment seems to be funny. these people always think themselves better than what they really are in reality and so they think highly of themselves with over confide

55、nce. from the view of us, they are too ridiculous which makes us laugh. we can see that plato thinks that the occurrence of humor is because the incongruity between the individuals subjective points and the objective facts, while aristotle holds that humor results from the incongruity between the co

56、mmon expectation and the unexpected truth.with the influence of plato and aristotles view of incongruity theory, lots of famous person also give their thoughts about it. thomas hobbes developed platos view. he believed that human being is going through a constant struggle, and the winner must come t

57、o the person who laughs. he thinks that people will feel happy and have a sense of superiority when he finds someone at a lower social status or inferior to him. so, we can know that he maintains that the humor is the incongruity between glory and ordinariness. immanuel kant and arthur schopenhauer hold nearly the same opinion about incongruity. they all think that incongruity between expectations and results is a method to cause laughter. people are inclined to have wron