中美送禮習俗的比較

1、 長、高與校徽比例一致。本科學年論文中美送禮習俗的比較3號宋體加粗，字數(shù)以不超過20個字為宜，一行排不下可排兩行。必須與所學專業(yè)相符。系別外語系專 業(yè)英語（商務英語方向）屆 別2015屆班 級2011英語三班學生姓名吳 娟學 號2011060320指導教師魏 瑾職 稱漢字：小3號宋體加粗；字母及數(shù)字：小3號times new roman粗體.教 授3號宋體 二o一四年六月學年論文評分標準及評審表系 別外語系專業(yè)英語（商務英語方向）班 級2011英語三班學生姓名學號指導老師論文題目評分內容分值評分標準得分中文摘要5%內容簡明扼要，文字敘述流暢，符合規(guī)定格式要求。英文摘要5%翻譯準確，文字流暢，符

2、合規(guī)定格式。關鍵詞5%提煉準確，書寫規(guī)范。目錄5%根據(jù)文章內容自動生成，字體符合規(guī)定格式要求。選題5%符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標，體現(xiàn)綜合訓練基本要求，難度適中，能基于個人能力獨立完成。調研論證20%能夠根據(jù)選題要求提出調研實施方案或論點的論證體系，具有獨立深入社會調查研究，閱讀文獻、收集信息、并分析整理各類信息，從中獲取新知識的能力。綜合分析30%能夠綜合運用有關的理論和專業(yè)知識對選題進行分析，論文觀點鮮明、正確，合理使用各種信息，論據(jù)充分，邏輯性強。有自己的一定見解或較強的現(xiàn)實意義，觀點有一定新意。論文結構10%整體結構合理，有邏輯性，文章中心突出，文題相符，內容充實，層次清楚，詳略得當。論文表達1

3、0%具有較強的文字表達能力，語言表述準確簡潔，文筆流暢，圖表清楚。論文格式5%格式規(guī)范，達到規(guī)定篇幅要求，評分指導教師評語(需在論文的份量、內容、表達和書寫是否符合要求，論文選題的理論水平和應用價值，學生應用基本知識和基本技能的情況，學生的工作能力及工作態(tài)度等方面給予評價)： 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 a comparative analysis on chinese and american gift-giving customs bywu juan class 3, grade 2011(no.2011060320)supervisor: wei jinjune 2014foreign

4、languages departmenthunan university of finance and economics contentsabstracti摘 要iiintroduction1chapter 1 an overview of gift-giving custom21.1 origination of gift-giving21.2 function of gift-giving21.3.1 meeting peoples emotional needs21.3.2 establishing the social network3chapter2 chinesegift-giv

5、ing customs42.1 gift-giving situation and specific gifts42.1.1 birthday gifts42.1.2 housewarming and opening ceremonies52.1.3 festival celebration62.1.4 congratulations on weddings and newborns72.1.5 funeral gifts72.2 gift-giving taboos8chapter3 america gift-giving customs93.1 gift-giving situation

6、and specific gift93.1.1 birthday gifts93.1.2 festival celebration93.1.3 congratulation on weddings and newborns103.1.5 funeral gifts103.2 gift-giving taboos11chapter 4 comparison on gift-giving customs between china and america124.1 gift-giving situations and specific gifts124.2 gift-giving taboos13

7、conclusion14notes15bibliography16abstract gift-giving, a microcosmic reflection of the overall consumption behavior, is a long-history social phenomenon, which is necessary for social interaction. it can meet peoples emotional needs, and create the social network. there are so many circumstances in

8、china and america. people often send gifts on occasions such as birthday, festival, wedding, newborns, and funeral. based on comparison, this paper points out that because of different cultural environment and customs, there are some differences in gift-giving customs in these two countries, but the

9、y still have something in common that is related to human feelings. to know these differences and similarities will help to promote the communication between these two countries. 【key words】gift-giving customs; comparison; america; china摘 要送禮是整體消費行為的一個縮影,是一種社會歷史現(xiàn)象,也是社會交流的必要。它可以滿足人們的情感需求,并創(chuàng)建、維護、和增強社交

10、網(wǎng)絡。在中國和美國有很多送禮的場合。例如生日、節(jié)日、婚禮、嬰兒出生、和葬禮等。本文通過對兩國習俗的比較,認為這兩個國家因為人文環(huán)境和風俗習慣的不同在送禮上也有很大的差異,但也有一些關于人類情感的共同點。通過對送禮文化的分析比較，可以增進兩國之間的互相理解和交往?！娟P鍵詞】送禮習俗 比較 美國 中國 introductiongift-giving has a long history, which originated from ancient fete. at present, gift-giving is more and more popular among people. so we s

11、hould consider which situation we should send gifts and what gifts we should send. based on the close comparison, we know the similarities and differences in gift-giving between chinese and america. this paper will introduce gift-giving customs of two countries, such as birthday, festival, wedding a

12、nd newborns. especially, we need to avoid some gift-giving taboos, which is to make people know how to send gifts appropriately in right situation. to know these differences and similarities, we can promote the interaction between china and america.chapter 1 an overview of gift-giving custom1.1 orig

13、ination of gift-givinggiving gifts to each other is an indispensable communication content in human social life. we know that the ritual worship originated in ancient times. in the ritual, people will give their most valuable items to show respect to god. maybe since then, gift has its material mean

14、ing. gift, some said it originally comes from ancient war because of tribal mergers, which shows obedience to the conqueror and begging for the conquerors asylum.others believe that gift is a kind of commercial goods of reciprocity, and the original “reciprocity”, essentially, is a reward to exchang

15、e products. with the development of the society, gift-giving gradually changes, you may send the education, health, and so on. new gifts show up unceasingly, and the diversity embodies the social needs fully. there are more and more forms of gifts.1.2 function of gift-givingthere are many functions

16、of gift-giving. and the paper will introduce its two functions.1.3.1 meeting peoples emotional needs “emotion is a feeling such as happiness, love, fear, anger, or hatred, which can be caused by the situation that you are in or the people you are with. there are many things that can embody the value

17、 of gift-giving in our daily life, and gifts often contain the emotion, thats why people like to give gifts to others.” (zhu dongli,2010:37.）1 for example, when someone send a gift to you for your birthday, youll feel so happy. because you think people remember you, and make you feel valued. or you

18、send gifts to others on occasions like festivals and newborns celebrations to express your congratulations and care. this shows gift-giving can meet emotional needs. 1.3.2 establishing the social networkas ge yunxiang (2000) said “gift-giving is a reflection of the cultural structure of personal ide

19、ntity in china. gift exchange not only happens to the throng who are admitted by society, but also creates a intermediary agent of dealing with ethic and social things.” “some gifts are signs of expressing a strong feeling, while some gifts are just tools which are used as goods. gift-giving is a so

20、cial exchange, which creates a new relation.”（lin sheng-dong, 2006) according to yu shenggang (2008) gifts which is used to express stong feelings or used as tools can both maintain and enhance the interpersonal network and rules-power. we can take advantage of interpersonal resources and get benefi

21、ts by using this network.chapter2 chinesegift-giving customs china is one of the cradles of human civilization and the world-famous ceremonies for thousands of years. gift is an investment of feelings, which can shorten the distance between people and facilitate peoples communication. 2.1 gift-givin

22、g situation and specific giftswe should send different gifts in different situation,because different situation has its own customs.and gifts need applying to customs.2.1.1 birthday gifts“in the past, private birthday celebration for adults was more simple. only in a few rich families, in order to s

23、how respect for elders birthday, the elderschildren would make arrangements for birthday ceremony, they didnt invite too many relatives but families get together.” (yuan dongmei, 2009: 35） in recent years, leaders will give you a birthday cake or plus some extra dishes to show congratulations and ca

24、re for your birthday. between lovers, birthday congratulations to each other often have been seen as a major event, which can not be ignored. they can write a congratulatory letter to each other, and also can give gifts that are generally souvenir with a symbol of love. however it does not mean to c

25、ost a lot but enhance mutual feelings. celebrating the birthday of adult family members, there are some activities such as eat birthday noodles, which is a traditional chinese folk customs. it means “l(fā)ongevity”. in southern china, if we want to celebrate birthday for elders, we should send a big bow

26、l of noodles topped with pork chops to neighbors. and people should not reject to it, on the contrary, would like to congratulate the owner verbally. they prefer to prepare some sumptuous food and have dinner with the family on his birthday, and sometimes invite some friends and relatives to gather

27、more intimate relationship lately, many families will eat birthday cake in the event. cake means “ long life” in china. since ancient times, birthday rituals are divided into two parts. in the early, birthday etiquette is not so important. just for the eldersbirthday, their children will tend to att

28、ach great importance to it, even if elders do not care about . according to traditional customs, no one is born to have qualification to celebrate birthday, the birthday ritual is an extremely important and prudent thing, so the first birthday party is even more solemn.2.1.2 housewarming and opening

29、 ceremoniesmove and openings, has always been regarded as an important event. on the beginning of celebrations, friends and people want to send a gift for owners to congratulate. “in general,the owner will hold the celebration banquet other people can also hold it to welcome. when you visit his home

30、 for the first time you should bring a gift for the host. the open-air banquet and cocktail party are not required to give gifts.” making choice of housewarming gift should consider the following factors: moved into the big house or small house, new or old master suite, has just moved into a new are

31、a or not, is this the first home for host, etc. according to the different situation to select different kinds of gifts. when new neighbor move to your community, as the old tenants, you should send small gifts to express welcome, and make new friends feel harmonious with neighborhood . new opening

32、not only is the beginning of establishing small and large businesses, but also is a new way to plan and develop life and business. sending the housewarming gifts can show your congratulations that everything is going smoothly, or wish for success in business. there is a long history of gift-giving f

33、or move and opening, which has its own specification. therefore, when you want to send a gift to the host, you should pay attention to the customary. its wise to send decorative gifts like congratulatory couplet, dressing mirror, curtain, bedding and so on. also you can send some flowers and trees s

34、uch as evergreen, sunflower, crape myrtle, etc.2.1.3 festival celebration “human ancestors founded numerous festivals: commemorative festival, and sacrificial day of farming. in the han dynasty, chinas major traditional festivals has been finalized (gong baoping, 2006 ). in tang dynasty, festival li

35、berated from worship, taboos and mysterious atmosphere, then become a real festive that have goodwill. more festivals, more gifts, it imply that we should send gifts when we celebrate festivals. festival is a very happy occasion where people always like communicating with each other so that they can

36、 strengthen their relationship and sending their best wishes. therefore, the relationship between the festival and gifts are inseparable. in another words, we can say that the festival and gift are seamless. how to make your own gift more special, when you want to send gift to others is a quite impo

37、rtant question. the relationship between festivals and gift is very close. festival are brilliant because of gifts, in return, gifts enter into every house result from festival. the festival is solemn and heavy with no gifts, but gift has a strong effect on festivals atmosphere. and gifts in festiva

38、l will have more symbolic meaning. the same festival will show different features, due to different countries and regions. the development of festivals gift provides a new renovation that gifts and festivals get harmony in society, consumption, culture, psychology, aesthetics. many festivals are pre

39、served after years of changes and it embodies the precipitation of history and tradition. so the traditional gifts are popular in festival. most festivals have a festive color, so a gift should have a meaning of celebration . in a traditional festival, there are a lot of people or events to commemor

40、ate, which makes the festival has unusual commemorative significance. when sending gifts to others should take this point into account .in generally, you can send wines, cigarettes, teas, health care products, digital products, craft products, collection, fruits, flowers and so on.2.1.4 congratulati

41、ons on weddings and newborns the happiest thing in life is that lovers are married. when you participate in wedding, you should pick up the right gift to create romantic atmosphere. so the newlyweds may have affectionate memories. each couple want to receive valuable wedding gift in wedding day. so

42、we should think about how to send the right gift for the bride and groom. sending a wedding gift to the couple, you need to consider the degree of familiarity with them, of course, also their economic situation should be considered. gifts for the couple may be beautiful and practical. use good gift

43、wrapped in red paper and write the words “wish a happy wedding”, etc. a new baby to be born, is a celebration of sacred thing, on getting good news from family and friends, they should bring gifts to visit babys mother and congratulate. but this time the newborn and maternal body are weak, it is bes

44、t to call first to congratulate their families, then visit. congratulations gift when a child is born, should be practical such as baby clothes, baby shoes. raising children is a very hard job, so send something convenient and necessary will help the mother to reduce the trouble. postpartum body is

45、more frail, you might consider sending her tonic food. 2.1.5 funeral gifts funeral, after all, is a thing should be solemn, and express nostalgia of deceased. upon receipt of notice, people would mourn in various forms, such as attend the funeral. meanwhile you should send gifts considering deceased

46、s wishes, the familys funeral specifications, the deceaseds familys economic conditions and so on. gift for funeral is called “funeral offering”, which depends on relationship between the giver and the deceased. some people will send a basket of flowers, wreath, send cash, or elegiac. giving funeral

47、 gifts need to follow certain norms, funeral gifts are usually bestowed upon the process of handling the funeral.2.2 gift-giving taboos chinese generally prefer dual. therefore, all large festival days people would like to receive gifts related to dual and avoid single. as for cantonese, 4 is a tabo

48、o because in cantonese, 4 sounds like “si” that means death in china, and is unlucky. though white represents pure and innocence, it is often the color of sorrow and poverty in china. whats more, black is considered unlucky, which is the color of fierce disaster and mourning. however, red is joy, pe

49、ace, a symbol of celebration, and peoples universal love. in addition, we can not send watches and clocks to elders, because they contain the meaning of death. we also cant give pears to lovers or couples, for it represent that lovers and couples separate up with each other. also, we cant send medic

50、ines to healthy people, and cant send close-fitting supplies for the opposite sex.chapter 3 america gift-giving customs in america, most people are from different countries in the world, which makes the gift-giving culture more complex. so we should pay more attention to how to send gifts appropriat

51、ely.3.1 gift-giving situation and specific gift if you want to send gifts appropriately, you need to consider which gift should be send in which situation in america.3.1.1 birthday gifts americans pay much attention to personal birthday, especially kids birthday. they will get together and celebrate

52、 it. they will hold a family dinner and invite relatives and friends to celebrate the birthday. the traditional gift is a birthday cake. parents often plug in small candles on the cake with the same number of kids age, and let kids blow out on their own. the kids birthday gifts include clothes, acce

53、ssories, etc. for older children we can send books and stationery. for young people can send tie, handbag and so on. generally its the relatives that give gifts. girls can accept snacks, flowers or books from men who are not relatives, but other things will not be accepted .3.1.2 festival celebratio

54、n there are many festivals in the united states such as new years day, valentines day, easter day, national day, halloween, thanksgiving, etc. new year gift, christmas gifts, valentines day gift, easter gift belong to the halloween theme which can send candy as gifts. national day everybody used to

55、decorate the courtyard, go out to see fireworks.3.1.3 congratulation on weddings and newborns americans are ready to accept a gift from engagement. friends will hold party for bride-to-be. the party can be small size or big, indoor or outdoor, can be formal or casual. “bride rain” only bride-to-be f

56、emale relatives can attend. so gifts can be very feminine, very intimate, even sexy. most people will prepare daily necessities of life, home decorations, etc. after the wedding ceremony the couple will entertain guests, of course you cant come with empty-handed. gifts can be family life supplies, d

57、ecorations. if the couple are your good friends and you are unable to attend the wedding, often can choose a beautiful card with $20 or more (not less than $10 ) to send ahead of time.small baby, literal translation is “baby rain”, for the upcoming congratulations and gifts for little life party,which mo