克魯格曼國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)答案

1、Chapter 21. Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2.a.Graph out the production possibilities frontier:Homes PPFIQappteb. Construct the worldrelative supply curve.b. W

2、hat is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?組= 1.5c In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be?In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and sup ply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their

3、earnings in a competitive economy, only whenboth goodsbe produced. So Pa/Pb = l52. Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is La. Graph Foreign*

4、s production possibilities frontier：Q appleForeigns PPFQ*bananaa *z：ft f a = 5Wurld Rnllivb； Supply CutvwFVFb6.0SO4.03.0201.00025 05 0751(Qa+QF)/(Qb+Q*b)3 Nov suppose world relative demand takes the following form： Demand for apples/demand for bananas = price of bananas/price of apples.a. Graph the

5、relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve：-1D Q +Q aVffhen the market achieves its equilibrium, we have - =Dh Qh+Q bARD is a hyperbolaPa/Pb= 5The Wo rid Reiative Supply Curve“ifl I a 仍=15b. What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?curves.The equilibrium relative price of app

6、les is determined by the intersection of the RD and RSRD: X = yX 0,0.5)X = 0.5X (0.5,+ooy = 1.5ye 1.5,5y = 5： X = 0,5=2PS/Fb = 2c. Describe the pattern of trade.T P/ pbPPPb/- In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export apples and import bananas. Foreign will speci

7、alize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples.d. Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade.Homes PPF1C0320040060Q aOQaneco403203International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the colored lines, which lie outside the countries * production possibility

8、frontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct preduction. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Tr

9、ade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.between Home and Foreign in this case?4. Suppose that instead of 1200 worke

10、rs, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from tradeRD: x = V-VOJ)X = 1X e (1,+sy = 1.5ye 1.5,5y = 5PUPU5ag /a功=1-5= 5z/%faIn this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bana

11、nas and import apples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade.5. Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production

12、 in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative sup ply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so th

13、e effective labor remains the same. So the answer is similar to that hecase/db = 5to I a彷=153. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that6. ” Korean workers earn only $2 50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United St

14、ates, our workers will be forced down to the sane level. You can* t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2. 50 wage that goes with it. Discuss.In fact, relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. Korea* s low wage reflects the fact that Korea i

15、s lessproductive than theUnited States in most industries. Actually, trade with a less preductive, low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity such as United States. So this pauper labor argument is wrong.7. Japanese labor productivity is roughly

16、 the same as that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others) while the United States, is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are non-traded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United S

17、tates, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries. So there are four aspects should

18、 be taken into account before we reach conclusion: both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U. S. , not just the two service sectors. So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic.8. Anyone who has visited Japan knows it is an incredibly expensive place; although Japanese worke

19、rs cam about the same as their U.S. counterparts, the purchasing power of their incomes is about one-third less. Extend your discussing from question 7 to explain this observation. (Hint： Think about wages and the implied prices of non-trade goods.)The relative higher purchasing power of U. S. is su

20、stained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services. Because most of those services are non-traded, Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs. And U. S. does not have to face a lower international price of services. So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one-third of their U S. counterparts.9. How does the fact that many goods arc non-traded affect the extent of possible gains from trade?Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non-traded goods. The gains will increase as the proportion of non-traded goods decrea