碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語一試題

1、2019 年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語一試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytom

2、 akejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthatanin abilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysample sofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosof t6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfive

3、orsi xotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofan applicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameda y,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admission

4、sofficers.Theinte rviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis1 6outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.DrSimonsonhfou

5、ndifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervi eweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenext applicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffe ctsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.1.Agrant

6、sBsubmitsCtransmitsDdelivers2.AminorBobjectiveCcrucialDexternal3.AissueBvisionCpictureDmoment4.AForexample BOnaverageCInprincipleDAboveall5.AfondBfearfulCcapableDthoughtless6.AinBonCtoDfor7.AifBuntilCthoughDunless8.ApromoteBemphasizeCshareDtest9.AdecisionBqualityCstatusDsuccess10.AchosenBstudiedCfou

7、ndDidentified11.AexceptionalBdefensibleCreplaceableDotherwise12.AinspiredBexpressedCconductedDsecured13.AassignedBratedCmatchedDarranged14.AputBgotCgaveDtook15.AinsteadBthenCeverDrather16.AselectedBpassedCmarkedDintroduced17.AbeforeBafterCaboveDbelow18.AjumpBfloatCdropDfluctuate19.AachieveBundoCmain

8、tainDdisregard20.ApromisingBpossibleCnecessaryDhelpfulSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoos ingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep

9、,scoldherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesntaffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebarg ainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldntbem

10、oreoutofdateoratoddswithfeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethClinesthree-yearindictmentof“ fastfashion ” .Inthelastdecadesorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-ma rketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatede mandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswasted

11、inventory,morefrequentrel eases,andmoreprofit.Thoselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydontadvertisethatandtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappri ces,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,s

12、hakinganindustrylonga ccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtoof fera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlo w-wage,overseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Over

13、dressedisthefashionworldsanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollansTheOmnivoresDilemma.“ Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durable,a ndwasteful, ”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayearabout64itemsperpersonandnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaw

14、ay,thisexcessleadstowaste.Towardstheendof Overdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2017hasmadeallofherownclothesandbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecther craft;herexamplecan tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshave

15、madeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionLine Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidea lismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainabl

16、ywhentheycan taffordnotto.21.PriestlycriticizesherassistantforherApoorbargainingskill.Binsensitivitytofashion.Cobsessionwithhighfashion.Dlackofimagination.22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumerstoAcombatunnecessarywaste.Bshutoutthefeverishfashionworld.Cresisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.D

17、shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.23.Theword “ indictment” (Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoAaccusation.Benthusiasm.Cindifference.Dtolerance.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?AVanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.BThefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.CPeoplearemorei

18、nterestedinunaffordablegarments.DPricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?ASatireonanextravagantlifestyle.BChallengetoahigh-fashionmyth.CCriticismofthefast-fashionindustry.DExposureofamass-marketsecret.Text2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewastedth

19、etroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim “ behavioural” adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shoul

20、dadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetracke dandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2017AmericasFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack”(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.MicrosoftsSafaribothofferDN

21、T;GooglesInternetExplorerandApplesChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandtheDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Adverti

22、sersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewer

23、ads,hesays.“ They llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft sdefault,somemayigno

24、reaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo, whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.Ifitistry ingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirect method:ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbec

25、omethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8 thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGooglesonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoftschiefprivacyofficer,blogged:“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.” Coulditreallybethatsimple?26.ItissuggestedinParagraph1tha

26、t“behavioural” adshelpadvertiserstoAeasecompetitionamongthemselves.Blowertheiroperationalcosts.Cavoidcomplaintsfromconsumers.Dprovidebetteronlineservices.27. “ Theindustry ” (Line6,Para.3)refersto Aonlineadvertisers. Be-commerceconductors.Cdigitalinformationanalysis.Dinternetbrowserdevelopers.28.Bob

27、LiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault.Amaycutthenumberofjunkads.Bfailstoaffecttheadindustry.Cwillnotbenefitconsumers.Dgoesagainsthumannature.29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph6?ADNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose.BAdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT.CDNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

28、.DAdvertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads.30.TheauthorsattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneofAindulgence.Bunderstanding.Cappreciation.Dskepticism.Text3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargelythoughbynomeansuniformlyglowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheil

29、lsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced

30、.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyearssowhyshouldntwe?Takeabroaderlookatourspeciesplaceintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfor

31、theConversationofNature(IUCN), andyouwillread:“ ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,current lyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. ”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutt

32、hatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasa sitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousa ndsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftodaystechnology,anditssocialconsequences,

33、isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That sonereasonwhywehavelaunched Arc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderable assurance.Assooften,t

34、hepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenough ofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselve s.Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytob eapassingfad.Tobes

35、ure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenought oreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprove thelotofthosetocome.31.OurvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredbyAourdesireforlivesoffulfillment.Bourfaithinscienceandtechnology.Courawarenessofpotentialrisks.Dourbeliefi

36、nequalopportunity.32.TheIUCN s“ RedList ” suggeststhathumanbeingsareAasustainedspecies.Bathreattotheenvironment.Ctheworld sdominantpower.Damisplacedrace.33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?AArchelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.BTechnologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.CTheintere

37、stinsciencefictionisontherise.DOurimmediatefutureishardtoconceive.34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialtoAexploreourplanet sabundantresources.Badoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.Cdrawonourexperiencefromthepast.Dcurbourambitiontoreshapehistory.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AUnc

38、ertaintyaboutOurFutureBEvolutionoftheHumanSpeciesCTheEver-brightProspectsofMankindDScience,TechnologyandHumanityText4Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona simmigrationlawMondayamodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwa

39、san8-0defeatfortheAdministrationsefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.In Arizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizonascontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.The ConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashi

40、ngtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedto fashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourtsliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclos

41、etothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberately“occupiedthefield,”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.ThatsbecauseCongressha

42、salwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcement andexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfeder alcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJusticeSamuelAlitoandClarenceThomasagreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatu

43、te.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesin hisobjectionas“ ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower” .TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona

44、slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.Bu

45、tifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.TheadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidntwanttocarryoutCongresssimmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyre jectedthisremarkableclaim.36. Threeprovisi

46、onsofArizona splanwereoverturnedbecausetheyA deprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.B disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.C oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw.D contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.37. OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph

47、4?AFederalofficers dutytowithholdimmigrants information.B States independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.C States legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.D Congress sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.38. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActsA violatedtheConstitution.B underminedth

48、estates interests.C supportedthefederalstatute.D stoodinfavorofthestates.39. TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcementA outweighsthatheldbythestates.Bisdependentonthestates support.C isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.D rarelygoesagainststatelaws.40. Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?A Immigration

49、issuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.B JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.C JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.D TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions4145,choosethemostsuitableonef

50、romthelistAGtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.Acc

51、ordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2017 ,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotodaysglobalchallengesincludingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandh ealth.(41).Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologi

52、caltoolstoeradicatehunger, fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsa resocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.(42).Thisisashamethecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJos

53、ephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnova tionwithoutcreativedestruction.Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandintern alscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchange”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43).Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisofte