avionics_systems (till 157)2014-4new

1、Part II Military Avionics System0 Introduction Evolution of avionics Origination of avionics - Avionics is a word coined in the late 1930s to provide a generic name for the increasingly diverse functions being provided by Aviation electronics. Avionics = Aviation + electronics- to aid the pilot bett

2、er performing the missions A brief chronology of military avionics 1910s: the first airborne radio experiments the first autopilot experiments 1930s: electronic aids: blind flying panels radio ranging non-directional beacons ground-based surveillance radar single-axis autopilot 1940s: VHF communicat

3、ions IFF (identification friend or foe) gyrocompass attitude and heading reference systems airborne intercept radar early electronic warfare systems military longrange precision radio navigation aids two-axis autopilot 1940s: VHF communications; IFF (identification friend or foe); gyrocompass; attit

4、ude and heading reference systems; airborne intercept radar; early electronic warfare systems; military longrange precision radio navigation aids; two-axis autopilot. 1950s: TACAN (tactical air navigation);airborne intercept radar with tracking capability and Doppler radar; medium pulse repetition f

5、requency (PRF) airborne intercept radar ;mission computers ;inertial navigation systems.1960s: integrated electronic warfare systems; fully automated weapon release; terrain-following radar ;head-up display;laser target marking technology; early digital mission computer. 1960s: integrated electronic

6、 warfare systems; fully automated weapon release; terrain-following radar ;head-up display;laser target marking technology; early digital mission computer. to be concluded:Technology improvements drive the development of avionic systemsAvionics as a total system Increasing complexity of avionics sys

7、tem functional integration 1 Military Roles 1.1 Introduction The advantage of the military aircraft or air force -the advantage of height The evolution of military rolesobservation( tethered balloons as observation posts) ; to direct artillery;moving and powered platforms(aircraft) to carry weapons

8、for attack;observation, interception and ground attack etc. Two types of aircrafts fixed-wing aircraft rotary-wing aircraft Other type classifications of aircrafts: multi-role aircraft swing-role aircraft固定翼飛機(jī)固定翼飛機(jī)旋翼飛機(jī)旋翼飛機(jī) The relationship between military roles, role-specific aircrafts and avionics

9、 systems avionics systems can prolong the life of the role-specific aircrafts;advances in avionics systems can greatly expand military roles.1.2 Air Superiority dogfight 空中混戰(zhàn)空中混戰(zhàn)catapult 彈射彈射launch 發(fā)射發(fā)射steep 急劇的急劇的arrestor 制動器制動器deceleration 減速減速loiter 巡航巡航engage 作戰(zhàn)作戰(zhàn)complement 定員，編制定員，編制rear 后部（尾部）

10、的后部（尾部）的rein 統(tǒng)治，控制統(tǒng)治，控制agile 靈活的靈活的1.2.1 Role Description - to deny an enemy the airspace over the battlefield, thus allowing ground attack aircraft a free rein in destroying ground targets and assisting ground force, secure in the knowledge that the airborne threat has been suppressed. Requirement

11、for air superiority aircraft (system) accurate navigation accurate identification of targets prioritisation of targets accurate weapon aiming capabilitythe ability to join the tactical communication networkcarefree handling capability - to employ full authority flight control systems that are design

12、ed to allow the pilot to execute manoeuvres to envelope limits without fear of losing control or damaging the aircraft. 1.2.2 Key Performance Characteristicshigh manoeuvrabilityhigh Mach number rapid climb rate carefree handling capability1.2.3 Crew Complement single pilot; a pilot plus a rear-seat

13、air electronics officer or navigator 1.2.4 System Architecture Typical air superiority systems- See Table 1.1 in page 1921.2.5 Air superiority aircraft types Eurofighter Typhoon (BAE SYSTEMS) F-117 (Lockheed Martin) F/A-18 Hornet (US Department of Defence) JSF & F-16 (Lockheed Martin) 1.3 Ground Att

14、ack clutter 雜波雜波multiplicity 多樣（性）多樣（性）designate 指定指定gun 槍，炮槍，炮convoy 護(hù)航艦隊(duì)，護(hù)送部隊(duì)護(hù)航艦隊(duì)，護(hù)送部隊(duì)troop formation 部隊(duì)編隊(duì)部隊(duì)編隊(duì)deploy 配置，調(diào)度配置，調(diào)度proximity 相近，近似相近，近似ride 沿曲線飛行沿曲線飛行nap 懸停懸停fighter 戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)，殲擊機(jī)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)，殲擊機(jī)attacker 強(qiáng)擊機(jī)，攻擊機(jī)強(qiáng)擊機(jī)，攻擊機(jī)penetration 突防突防tactical situation 作戰(zhàn)態(tài)勢作戰(zhàn)態(tài)勢1.3.1 Role DescriptionTo detect, positiv

15、ely identify and engage ground targets:-fixed targets (buildings, radar installations and missiles sites etc.)-mobile targets (tanks, guns, conveys, ships and troop formations etc.) The key point to the success of ground attack - correct identification of targets laser designator (laser-guided bombs

16、) A special role included in ground attack - close air support(CAS) :where support is given to ground forces, often under their direction, where weapons will be deployed in close proximity to friendly forces Mission profile 1.3.2 Key Performance Characteristics fixed-wing aircraft very fast, low-lev

17、el performance with good ride qualities, agile to perform attack manoeuvres and take evasive action. rotary-wing aircraft extreme low-level nap of the earth penetration, and the ability to loiter in natural ground cover - popping up when required to deliver a weapon.1.3.3 Crew Complementusually cond

18、ucted by two crew members, a pilot and a crew member to operate the sensors and weapon systems ; the advent of smart weapons or cooperative target designation means that the mission can be conducted by a single crew, often a role designated to a fighter aircraft as a secondary role.1.3.4 System Arch

19、itecture1.4 Strategic Bomber morale 士氣，信心士氣，信心stealth 隱身隱身attribute 屬性，屬性， 特性特性high-flying 高空飛行的高空飛行的payload 有效負(fù)荷，載荷有效負(fù)荷，載荷relief 換班，接替者換班，接替者1.4.1 Role description to penetrate deep into enemy territory and to carry out strikes that will weaken defences and undermine the morale of the troops The mo

20、dern aircraft may choose to fly low and fast and rely on stealth to evade enemy radar defences Mission profile1.4.2 Key performance Characteristics high altitude cruise long range and high payload capacity.1.4.3 Crew Complement pilots, a navigator and specialist mission crew for very long missions a

21、 relief crew may be provided1.5 Maritime Patrolcargo: 船（裝）貨船（裝）貨naval: 海軍（上）的海軍（上）的asset: 貴重器材，財(cái)產(chǎn)貴重器材，財(cái)產(chǎn)smuggle: 走私走私alien: 外國人外國人vessel: 船只，飛機(jī)船只，飛機(jī)diversion: 變換，轉(zhuǎn)換變換，轉(zhuǎn)換relay: 中繼站中繼站 General descriptionMaritime patrol means to patrol or loiter above the sea, carrying out surveillance or reconnaissan

22、ce mission.MPA (maritime patrol aircraft) -specialist aircraft for maritime patrolgeneral MPA specification - the ability to transit at high speed to a distant patrol area of interest, and then to remain in that area for a long time, carrying out searches for surface, subsurface or both types of act

23、ivity, finally to return to base having sufficient fuel remaining to carry out a bad weather diversion. 1.5.1 Role description Anti-surface unit warfare (ASUW)Anti-submarine warfare (ASW)Search and rescue (SAR)Exclusive economic zone protection Customs and excise cooperation 1.5.2 Anti-surface Unit

24、Warfare (ASUW) Role stand-off : 遠(yuǎn)距離的遠(yuǎn)距離的,發(fā)射后不管的發(fā)射后不管的overt: 公開的公開的covert: 隱秘的隱秘的distract : 分散，擾亂分散，擾亂 Role description The MPA may carry out autonomous strikes against surface targets using free-fall bombs or stand-off weapons. Alternatively, it may be used to search, identify and shadow surface for

25、ces, remaining in contact but out of range of a surface ships weapons for long periods of time. The MPA may also join the cooperate attack by guiding the attacking force.Engagement carried out overtly:- using active devices, e.g. radarEngagement carried out covertly:- using passive devices, e.g.ESM,

26、 infrared sensors 1.5.3 Anti-submarine Warfare (ASW) Role wage : 從事，作戰(zhàn)從事，作戰(zhàn)blockade : 封鎖封鎖campaign : 戰(zhàn)役，從事戰(zhàn)役，從事wolf pack : 狼群狼群outperform : 比比表現(xiàn)好表現(xiàn)好outnumber : 比比多多cordon : 警戒，封鎖警戒，封鎖Motivation of using MPA to carry out anti-submarine mission submarine: can effectively blockade enemy countries, prev

27、enting military supplies, reinforcements and essential food and medical supplies from arriving by sea. anti-submarine: originally by escort ships - to regulate shipping by organizing it into strictly disciplined convoys and concentrating naval forces to protect the convoys. outperformed and outnumbe

28、red by submarine “wolf packs” low speed limitation Now by MPAMPA is suitable for sea surface reconnaissance because of its height and speedsignificant performance improvements in sensors, weapons, aircraft range and endurance and communications make it possible for MPA to play its full part in integ

29、rated close support of surface forces against submarine Several concernsThe MPA can often put itself at risk of friendly fire when joining a force. -complex joining procedures are adopted before closing within range of the defensive missile engagement zone of a friendly force. maritime radar -optimi

30、zed to detect small contacts against a background of reflection or clutter from the sea，highly efficient for detecting of submarines when they are exposed to sea.Sonobuoys -submerged into sea by MPA to listen to noises that are characteristic of different submarine types fused sensor data (fused dat

31、a )- data coming from different types of sensors will usually be processed to become the fused data to provide much more complete information聲納浮標(biāo)聲納浮標(biāo)傳感器數(shù)據(jù)融合傳感器數(shù)據(jù)融合1.5.4 Search and Rescue (SAR) Role distress : 遇難遇難creep : 爬行爬行datum : 基準(zhǔn)面（點(diǎn)，線）基準(zhǔn)面（點(diǎn)，線）cloverleaf : 苜蓿葉苜蓿葉comprehensive : 全面的全面的standby: 準(zhǔn)

32、備，等待準(zhǔn)備，等待handle over to : 委托，交付給委托，交付給scene-of-action : 在現(xiàn)場在現(xiàn)場rig : 鉆井機(jī)鉆井機(jī)excel : 優(yōu)于優(yōu)于mobilise : 調(diào)動調(diào)動hamper : 妨礙，阻止妨礙，阻止collide : 碰撞，碰撞， 抵觸抵觸craft : 航空器，船舶航空器，船舶firefighting : 消防消防tag : 標(biāo)記標(biāo)記wreckage : 失事船只失事船只spacing : 間距間距integrity : 完整性完整性latitude: 緯度緯度longitude: 經(jīng)度經(jīng)度 Role description- the public

33、and humanitarian aspect of military maritime patrol; the extension of the lifeboat service originally required to provide a rescue capability for military aircrew who are forced an emergency landings in the sea. 1.5.4.1 Datum Searches- when a relatively accurate searching datum is available, datum s

34、earch patterns can be used. 基準(zhǔn)線搜索基準(zhǔn)線搜索 cloverleaf search pattern Used when a very accurate searching position is obtained and the searching aircraft is able to arrive on the scene quickly after the incidentsearching datum expending square search Used when the SAR aircraft is delayed and the position

35、 of the datum is not so accurately definedsearching datum1.5.4.2 Area Searches - involve the searching for a larger area Creeping line ahead searchtrack spacing d is about 1.5 estimated visibility區(qū)域搜索區(qū)域搜索d Cooperation searches -a group of searching units including MPA,helicopters,ships, lifeboats,etc. involved; a common agreement must be established .1.5.4.3 Scene-of-Act