四六級寫作lecturesix

1、Lecture SixParagraphs 段落第三節(jié)結(jié)論句，段落的統(tǒng)一性和連貫性Concluding sentencenCompetition is a common phenomenon in our social life. For example, we compete when we play games. We try to do better than others in our study and whats more, there is constant competition for jobs, customers, money and so forth. Therefor

2、e, it can be said, to some extent, that competition is one of the motive forces of the development of society. 結(jié)論句n在段落最后用來總結(jié)全段，深化主題的句子。n首尾呼應(yīng)，加強段落的整體性。n要注意：結(jié)論句不能簡單地重復(fù)主題句，而應(yīng)使之深化和加強。n可以用不同的句子來表達同一個主題和思想，做到前后照應(yīng)。Example nNothing is more valuable than good health. Good health is the foundation of ones fut

3、ure success. If a person easily falls ill, it is hardly possible for him to pursue a career successfully. On the other hand, if he is strong and fit, he can go all out to overcome the obstacles that lie ahead of him. In fact, good health is essential for the enjoyment of life. Another ExamplenMoney

4、cannot buy everything. For instance, no matter how much money one has, he cannot buy good health, which is essential to a good life. Neither can he buy happiness or friendship. Thus, although money is useful in many ways, there are still a lot of things in the world that cannot be bought with money.

5、段落的統(tǒng)一性n指一個段落只能有一個中心思想或主題，全段的發(fā)展應(yīng)圍繞這個主題或中心思想來展開。主題句和推展句以及結(jié)論句在意義上的統(tǒng)一就是段落的統(tǒng)一性。n換句話說，一個段落中不該有任何與主題句無關(guān)或與主題句沖突的句子。具有高度統(tǒng)一性的段落nSmoking has been proved to be very harmful. First, it may cause some serious diseases, such as heart trouble or lung cancer. Second, it will pollute the air and it will harm the heal

6、th of non-smokers. Third, many major fires and explosions have been caused by careless smokers. These accidents have resulted in loss of lives and property. In addition, smoking costs a lot of money and is a waste of time. 下面的段落是否符合統(tǒng)一性原則n1)Population expansion is one of the most serious problems in

7、the developing countries. 2)With population increasing, a series of other problems have come up. 3)China, one of these countries, made the first family planning program at the beginning of the 1980s to control the birth rate. 4)Land resources, for example, are reducing very fast. 5)According to scie

8、ntists estimation, land resources will be exhausted in hundreds of years. 6)Another big problem is that the food supply can not satisfy peoples demand. 7)The consequence of these problems will threaten the life of human being. Sentence 3n1) It is necessary to prevent children from seeing violent fil

9、ms. 2) In recent years, teenage criminals have increased alarmingly and this has happened at a time when more and more hours are being devoted to TV programs and films which show violent behavior and violent solutions to all kinds of problems. 3) TV brings the world to people who cannot travel. 4) C

10、hildren are weak in judging right from wrong, and tend to admire film characters who solve problems by force. 5) Then they apply what they have learned in the film to real life, which causes harmful effects on society. 6) Therefore, violent films are harmful to children. Sentence 3段落的連貫性n段落的統(tǒng)一性和連貫性是

11、寫好段落的兩個相互依存又有所區(qū)別的概念。n統(tǒng)一性要求段落的每個句子都必須緊扣主題，避免題外話；n連貫性要求段落中句與句之間必須順理成章，避免前言不搭后語。n換句話說，一個段落中句子的安排必須符合一定的順序，各句要前后銜接，條理清楚。符合連貫性原則的段落nA great number of solutions are being offered to solve the problem of heavy traffic. Some people suggest that more streets & roads should be constructed. The advantage is th

12、at it can reduce traffic density & hence speed up the flow of buses & cars. But traffic flows constantly rise to fill whatever scale of roads & highways are provided for them. & in a city with booming industry, land is precious & cannot be extravagantly used for traffic. So others argue that the num

13、ber of bicycles & cars should be limited while more bus routes should be opened up because buses can accommodate more passengers. But the decrease in the number of bicycles & cars might give rise to another new set of problems such as inconvenience to people. Therefore, to produce the best effect, w

14、e will have to combine the 2 solutions with other possible ones. 下面的段落是否符合連貫性原則n1)In fact, environmental pollution is a very serious problem the whole world is facing. 2)Look at the sky, you can see that dense smoke is being released from the high and big chimneys; dirty and poisonous substances are

15、 flowing into the rivers that we use for drinking water and millions of tons of waste products are heaping around us. 3) Besides, the use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes environmental pollution. 4) It is mainly caused by the waste products released from artificial substances, indus

16、trial production and increased consumption of goods. 1)-4)-3)-2)段落中句與句的過渡n過渡語的使用是指句與句，段與段之間銜接更緊密更具連貫性。n過渡語可以是詞，短語，也可以是一個句子。通過使用過渡語可以使文章更緊湊，脈絡(luò)更清楚。 表示舉例說明的過渡語nFor example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, nLets take as an example. Take for example.n is a

17、 typical example of n is a typical/proper case in point.表示遞進關(guān)系的過渡語nIn addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, whats morenNot only, but also, similarly, nAnother isn is another表示對比對照的過渡語nIn contrast, by contrast, on the other hand,in comparison, on the contrary, unlike, like, contrary to, whe

18、reas, while, conversely, ndiffer/vary greatly/vastly fromnDifferent from 表示因果關(guān)系的過渡語nBecause of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reasonnTherefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thusnThe reasons why/for are/lie inn results inn result from表示結(jié)論的過渡語nTo sum up, to conclude, to summarizenIn sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in briefnSo, therefore, thusnWe can come to the conclusion that nA conclusion can