ChaptersixInternationalcargotransport6.1.ModesofTransport...

1、我國(guó)a公司與某國(guó)b公司于2004年10月20日簽訂購(gòu)買52500噸化肥的. cfr合同。a公司開出信用證規(guī)定， . 時(shí)起火，造成部分化肥燒毀。船長(zhǎng)在命令救火過程中又造成部分化肥濕 .本文檔由無(wú)塵大哥上傳至豆丁網(wǎng)chapter six: international cargo transport 6.1. modes of transport 6.2. general considerations on cargo transport 6. 3. major transport documents 6.4. clause of shipment v what are the major type

2、s of transportation? v can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned?v what should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation? overviewthe concept of delivery the seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and

3、in the agreed manner to the buyer. in international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. the former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under e terms and d terms, while the later is called symbolic delive

4、ry of goods, which is applied in the sales under f terms and d terms.6.1. modes of transport (international cargo transportation) (1) features of ocean transport(2) operational modes of ocean transport(3) freight ratesfeatures of ocean transport j advantages: the easy passage since about 70% of the

5、earth is covered by water. large capacity. the unit distribution cost reduced. good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. l disadvantages: the low passage of ocean transport. vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.1) liner transport（班

6、輪運(yùn)輸）2) charter transport 租船運(yùn)輸 （tramp shipping)不定期船運(yùn)輸 the practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. much cheaper than that of the liner. shippers may choose direct route. widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.charter transport freight is a special unit used in calculating

7、charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. freight is collected in different ways. shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight. liner freightbasic freight

8、 rates1）weight重量法: for items marked with “w” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).2) measurement體積法: for items marked with “m”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3) ad val.從價(jià)法: for it

9、ems marked with “ad val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. for some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price.4) weight or measurement， w/m or ad val ，w/m plus ad val（選擇法）5）per head、per unit（按件法）6）open rate 議

10、定法surcharges bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (b.a.f.燃料附加費(fèi) ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (c.a.f.貨幣 貶值附加費(fèi)) transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(繞航附加費(fèi)) how to calculate

11、 liner freight select relevant freight list/freight tariff determine the freight basis and class of the goods find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination find the types of receivable surcharges add surcharges to basic rate to get

12、 actual freight freight = actual freight x freight toncharter freightoperational procedure of ocean transport for exportworld-famous shipping companies v 澳大利亞國(guó)家航運(yùn)公司 澳國(guó)航運(yùn) anl v 美國(guó)總統(tǒng)輪船（中國(guó)）有限公司 美國(guó)總統(tǒng) aplv 波羅的海航運(yùn)公司 波羅的海 bolv 中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋集裝箱運(yùn)輸有限公司 中遠(yuǎn)集運(yùn) cosconv 長(zhǎng)榮香港有限公司上海辦事處 香港長(zhǎng)榮 emc v 香港航運(yùn)有限公司 香港海運(yùn) hkmsh v 現(xiàn)代商船株式

13、會(huì)社上海代表處 現(xiàn)代商船 hmmv 川崎汽船（中國(guó)）有限公司 川崎汽船 kline v 上海天海貨運(yùn)有限公司 天海貨運(yùn) tmsc v 東航船務(wù)有限公司 東航船務(wù) tohov 日本郵船有限公司 日本郵船nykv 東方海外貨柜航運(yùn)有限公司 東方海外ooclv 上海國(guó)際輪渡有限公司 國(guó)際輪渡sfcov 中海發(fā)展股份有限公司 中海發(fā)展csdv 中外運(yùn)（集團(tuán)）總公司 中外運(yùn)sinotrans2. air transporttypes of air transport servicesfour categories: scheduled airlines 班機(jī)運(yùn)輸 chartered carriers 包

14、機(jī)運(yùn)輸 consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托運(yùn) air express service / desk to desk service 航空速遞(1) scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods.(2) chartered carriers: the hir

15、e of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3) consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number of individual shipments into one

16、consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. a consolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline. (4) air express service : the express

17、 service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documentsairline ratesv air freight is normally collected according to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for

18、 large volume cargo. the rates are normally quoted per kilogram. the air freight excludes other charges such as customs fees and storage fees.v in order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freight rates are designed. for instance, general cargo rates are the basic rates. specific commodity

19、rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff of the carrier. if no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes, classification rates apply.airline ratesv m/w (subject to the higher rate)v four types of airl

20、ine rates: - general cargo rate (g.c.r.)一般貨物運(yùn)價(jià) - specific cargo rate (s.c.r.)特種貨物運(yùn)價(jià) - class rate (c.r.)等級(jí)運(yùn)價(jià) - unitized consignments rate (u.c.r)v characteristics of airline rates: - one-way freight from one airport to another - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - publici

21、zed in local currency - measurement unit is kilo or pound - fluctuate in line with market conditionsthe division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freightsome airlines in the world rail transportv international railway through transport - under one rail consignment note - shipp

22、er or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countries siberia transcontinental railway eurasia transcontinental railway railway transport to hong kong and macaov domestic rail transport road transport containerizationcontainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitiz

23、ed form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. it is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on.features of containerization:j advantages v increase the eff

24、iciency of handlingv improve the transportation qualityv save operating costsv simplify delivery formalitiesv promote multi-modal transportationcontainers and container transportthe majority of containers are built to the iso specification. the 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 x 8

25、 x 40 and 8 x 8 x 20). the container capacity is measured in teus (twenty-feet equivalence units). containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used. three major types of containers: 8 x 8 x 40 (ia); 8.6 x 8 x 40(iaa); 8 x 8 x 20 (ic)container transport containerization

26、 offers: a door to door service under fcl/fcl（整裝整拆）, door to container freight station (cfs) service under fcl/lcl（整裝拼拆） cfs to cfs service under lcl/lcl（拼裝拼拆） cfs to door service under lcl/fcl （拼裝整拆） container freight v based on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandisev inland t

27、ransportation cost is includedv based on the type of commodityv for lcl, each commodity is charged separately for the freight international multi-modal transportv at least two modes of transportv one contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight ratev use of containers j advantages hig

28、h efficiency good quality cost and time saving economy and simplicity of documentation6.2. general considerations on cargo transport(1） reliability(2）speed and frequency(3）cost6.3 major transport documentsv bill of ladingv consignment note (for rail and road)v air waybillv combined transport documen

29、ts (ctd)bill of lading (b/l)1. definition and functiona bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(貨物收據(jù)) 2) a document of title(物權(quán)憑證) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (運(yùn)輸契約的證明) bill of lading (b/l) a bill of lading (b/l) is us

30、ed for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. it must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.as a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over to another

31、authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea.although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. you have to be sure that a negotiable b/l is accepted in your country. otherwise, a non-negotiable b/l is issued.t

32、he b/l is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. if the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shipping line, the bill of lading, is deemed

33、as clean. the ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.v see sample b/l2. types of b/las per whether the goods are shipped on board:v shipped (on board) b/l已裝船提單v received for shipment b/l備運(yùn)提單as per whether the b/l is clean or not:v clean b/lv unclean/foul b/lunclea

34、n b/l can not used for negotiation. as per the modes of transportv direct b/l直達(dá)提單v transshipment b/l轉(zhuǎn)船提單v through b/l聯(lián)運(yùn)提單v liner b/l班輪提單v container b/lv combined b/las per the content of the b/lv long form b/l全式提單v short form b/l簡(jiǎn)式提單as per the effect of b/lv original b/l)正本提單v copy b/l副本提單 as per th

35、e issuing date of b/lv on deck b/l甲板提單 when cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery, an on deck b/l is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. v stale b/l過期提單 bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods

36、are due at the port of destination v ante-dated b/l倒簽提單 when the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the l/c, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a b/l with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. v advanced b/l預(yù)借

37、提單 when the expiry date of the l/c is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment. the purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the l/c. anti-dated b/l &advanced b/l 倒簽提單和預(yù)借提單被認(rèn)為是典型的海運(yùn)欺詐行為。不論出于什么原因，承運(yùn)人通過倒簽和預(yù)借提單，總是向收貨人或提單持

38、有人傳達(dá)了一個(gè)關(guān)于裝船時(shí)間的虛假情況。如果是應(yīng)托運(yùn)人的要求所為，那么從買賣關(guān)系上說(shuō)，承運(yùn)人則是幫助賣方掩蓋了未能按時(shí)交運(yùn)的違約事實(shí)。倒簽和預(yù)借提單的主要原因是賣方不能按照買賣合同的約定時(shí)間交運(yùn)貨物，有時(shí)也因?yàn)槌羞\(yùn)人船期延誤。分析:倒簽提單是一種違法行為，一旦被識(shí)破，產(chǎn)生的后果是嚴(yán)重的。但是在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，倒簽提單的情況相當(dāng)普遍。尤其是當(dāng)延期時(shí)間不多的情況下，還是有許多出口商會(huì)鋌而走險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)?shù)购灥娜兆虞^長(zhǎng)的情況出現(xiàn)，就容易引起買方懷疑，最終可以通過查閱船長(zhǎng)的航行日志或者班輪時(shí)刻表等途徑加以識(shí)破。case study (2) 我國(guó)a公司與某國(guó)b公司于2004年10月20日簽訂購(gòu)買52500噸化肥的 cfr合同。a公司開出信用證規(guī)定，裝船期限為2005年1月1日至1月10 日，由于b公司租來(lái)運(yùn)貨的“順風(fēng)號(hào)”輪在開往某外國(guó)港口途中遇到颶風(fēng)，結(jié) 果裝運(yùn)2005年1月20日才完成。承運(yùn)人在取得b公司出具的保函的情況下 簽發(fā)了與信用證條款致的提單?！绊橈L(fēng)號(hào)”輪于1月21日駛離裝運(yùn)港。a公 司為這批貨物投保了水漬險(xiǎn)。2005年1月30日“順風(fēng)號(hào)”輪途經(jīng)巴拿馬運(yùn)河 時(shí)起火，造成部分化肥燒毀。船長(zhǎng)