七年級(jí)語法--簡(jiǎn)單句

1、簡(jiǎn)單句只含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)并且句子各成分都只由單詞或單詞短語構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立句子或分句叫做簡(jiǎn)單句。在簡(jiǎn)單句中主語和謂語是句子的主干，是句子的核心。一：要點(diǎn)歸納1簡(jiǎn)單句的定義及基本句型 簡(jiǎn)單句是由一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）構(gòu)成的句子。其基本句型如下：1） 主語+不及物動(dòng)詞2） 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語3） 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語4） 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語5） 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 The rain has stopped. 雨停了。 I get up at 7:00 every morning. 我每天早晨7:00起床。 Im a student. 我是一個(gè)學(xué)生。

2、You look fine. 你看上午起色很好。 I closed the window. 我把窗戶關(guān)上了。 The teacher told them a story. 老師給他們講了一個(gè)故事。 He read the letter to his mother. 他把信讀給他媽媽聽。 He found the film interesting. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)這部電影很有趣。 They made him their monitor. 他們推選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。 小試牛刀判斷下列句子是哪種句型。1. The city lies in a valley.2. My recent book sells very

3、well. 3. Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.4. All my hair turns grey.5. I will find you a good chance.6. My brother and I study in the same school. 7. The food tastes good.8. We call him Li Ming.二： 簡(jiǎn)單句的種類 簡(jiǎn)單句可以分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。陳述句又可以分為肯定和否定兩種；疑問句可以分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、反應(yīng)疑問句和選擇疑問句四種。1. 肯定句1) 主語+謂

4、語。如She arrived early. 2）主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語 My father is a tacher.2. 否定句1) 系動(dòng)詞be后面加not.如：This book is book his. 2) 在have/ has, shall, will, would 等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not.如：He wont come again.3) 謂語動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：如果謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞原形，在動(dòng)詞原形前加dont. 如：I like it.- I dont like it. 如果動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)形式，在動(dòng)詞前加doesnt,動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)形式變成動(dòng)詞原形。如：He speaks Engl

5、ish.- He doesnt speak English. 一般過去時(shí)：在動(dòng)詞前加didnt, 動(dòng)詞的過去式變成原形。He went there. -He didnt go there.4) 由no, never, nobody, nothing, hardly, little, seldom, few, dislike等構(gòu)成的否定句。There is no water.3. 一般疑問句1) 將句中的be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到句首，句末加“？”。如：He is coming.-Is he coming?2) 謂語是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：如果謂語是動(dòng)詞原形，在句前加do.如：Do yo

6、u have a pen? 如果謂語是單數(shù)形式，在句前加does，動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)形式變成動(dòng)詞原形。如：Does he go to schoolboy bus?一般過去時(shí)：在句前加did,動(dòng)詞的過去式變成動(dòng)詞的原形。如：Did they know each other? 3) 否定形式的一般疑問句，將助動(dòng)詞與not縮寫，放在句首。如：Dont you like music?4. 特殊疑問句1) 特殊疑問詞（作主語）+陳述句+? 如：Who has an English dictionary?2） 特殊疑問詞（不作主語）+一般疑問句+? 如：Where does he go?3) 特殊疑問詞的用法：w

7、hat 可以用來詢問“名字、職業(yè)”和廣義的“干什么”；How 意為“怎樣、如何”；how soon 意為“多快”；how long意為“多久”；how often意為“多久一次”；how far意為“多遠(yuǎn)”；where 用來詢問地點(diǎn)；when用來詢問時(shí)間；who 意為“誰”；whose 意為“誰的”；whom意為“誰（作賓語）”。 小試牛刀：從方框中選出適當(dāng)?shù)囊蓡栐~（短語）填空，每詞限用一次。Why, when, what, which, how, where, what time, how much, who, how many1. _are you waiting for? -My bes

8、t friend.2. _do you usually go to bed?-At about 9 oclock.3._one would you like of the three apples? -The bigger one. 4._were you late for school this morning? -Because I got up too late and missed the bus. 5. _milk is there in the bottle ? -There is a litter.6._books are there on the shelf ? -There

9、are nearly ten.7._did you begin to learn French ? -At the age of ten. 8. _is this in English ? -Its CD.9. _do you learn the spoken English ? - I learn it by joining an English club.10. _were you ten days ago ? -I was in Beijing with my parents.5. 選擇疑問句1) 一般疑問句+選擇成分 A+ or + 選擇成分B? 如：Are you a teacher

10、 or a student ?2) 特殊疑問句+選擇成分 A+ or + 選擇成分B? 如：Which do you like better, coffee or tea ?6. 反意疑問句1） 肯定句+否定形式的簡(jiǎn)略一般疑問句？ 如：Today is fine day, isnt it ? 2) 否定句+肯定形式的簡(jiǎn)略一般疑問句？ 如： You wont do it again, will you? 3) 反意疑問句部分的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、數(shù)要與陳述句一致，且用代詞代替陳述句中的主語，而不能用名詞。如： Your elder sister wants to see a film, doesnt s

11、he ? 7. 祈使句 1）動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分。如：Come here. ( Dont / Never ) 動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分. 如：Dont go out of the room. 2) Let + 賓語+ （not）+ 動(dòng)詞原形。如： Let me do it. 3) 祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句在祈使句前加do. 如： Do come on time next time. 4) 祈使句的特殊形式有： a. “No +名詞/ 動(dòng)名詞+ 其他” 結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：No photos! b. “None + of “結(jié)構(gòu). 如：None of your nonsense! ( 別胡說！) c. “ 祈使句+and

12、 +簡(jiǎn)單句”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“如果就”. 如： Think hard and youll find a way. d. “祈使句+ or+簡(jiǎn)單句”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“否則”. 如： Hurry up or youll miss the train. e. 在祈使句后加一個(gè)問句，使語氣更加委婉. 如： Dont be late, will you ?8. 感嘆句： 1） “ How + (形容詞/ 副詞)+ 主語+謂語+!” 如： How I miss you ! 2 ) “ How + 形容詞+ a/an +名詞+ 主語+ 謂語！” 如： How clever a boy he is ! 3 ) “ What

13、+( a/an) +形容詞+名詞+ 主語+ 謂語！”. 如： What a beautiful park it is! 記憶口訣 反意疑問句用法 反意疑問句三要點(diǎn)， 前后謂語正相反； 短語not如出現(xiàn)，必須縮寫是習(xí)慣； 最后一點(diǎn)應(yīng)注意，短句主語代詞填。 感嘆句用法感嘆句，并不難， what, how 放句前；強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞用what, 其余用how很簡(jiǎn)單.注意：由what 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句一般修飾名詞，而how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句一般修飾形容詞、副詞或句子。 小試牛刀按要求進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換1. Lily has lunch at school every day. (改為否定句) Lily _ _ lunch at

14、 school every day.2. They do eye exercise every day. ( 改為否定句)They_ _ eye exercise every day.3.They were busy watching the football match at that time.（改一般疑問句） _ they _ _ the football match at that time?4. He put the letter in the hole. (改為一般疑問句) _ he _ the letter in the hole ? 5. The boys are making

15、 a model bike in the classroom now. (對(duì)劃線部分)提問）_ _ the boys _ in the classroom now? 6. The flowers are very beautiful. （改為感嘆句） _ _ the flowers are ! _ _ _ they are !7. Does he come to school by bike? Does he come to school on foot?(改為選擇疑問句)_ he _ to school _ _ _ _ _?8. You mustnt make noises in the r

16、eading room. (改為祈使句) _ _ _ in the reading room. 9. Jill writes to her parents once a week. (對(duì)劃線部分提問) _ _ _ her parents once a week? 三：疑難拓展1. 判斷一個(gè)句子是不是簡(jiǎn)單句主要是看它完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)有幾個(gè)。如果只有一個(gè)，就是簡(jiǎn)單句。如:She likes English. 如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的，那就是并列句或復(fù)合句。如: She says she likes English. 2. “主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”句型可以轉(zhuǎn)化為“主語+謂語+直接賓語+to/f

17、or +間接賓語”句型，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，用介詞to；表示動(dòng)作的目的時(shí)用介詞for.如：He gave me a book. -He gave a book to me. (表示“給”這個(gè)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象)He bought me a book.-He bought a book for me. （表示“買”這個(gè)動(dòng)作的目的）3. 感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語. 如：Let us go.help 可接to 或不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語. 如：He helps me (to ) carry the box.4.感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞“五看三使二聽一感覺”（一感覺feel, 二聽li

18、sten to /hear, 三使have/ watch/ look at）接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語. 但是當(dāng)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，to要還原. 如：My mother made me wash dishes. -I was made to wash dishes by my mother. 5.感官動(dòng)詞接不帶to 的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的整個(gè)過程或動(dòng)作經(jīng)常發(fā)生. 感官動(dòng)詞接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行.如：I see him go to school by bike every day. I hear somebody singing outside. 6.使役動(dòng)詞接不帶

19、to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示“讓某人做某事”. 使役動(dòng)詞接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，表示“讓一直做某事”. 如： He lets to do it myself. Our teacher made us sitting here. 7.so, neither或nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句也屬于簡(jiǎn)單句. 如： I went there yesterday. So did she. Tom doesnt like apples. Neither /Nor do I.8.have/ has 做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表示“有”時(shí)，其否定形式有兩種，一種是在其后加not，一種是借助動(dòng)詞do的否定形式完成否定語氣. 如： He

20、hasnt a pen.= He doesnt have a pen. 9. 肯定句改成否定句時(shí)，如果句中有some, something, somebody, too, all, both, already等詞時(shí)，須分別將它們改為any, anything, anybody, either, none, neither, yet等. 如： Theres something wrong with the car. -There isnt anything wrong with the car. 10. 回答否定性的一般疑問句時(shí)，要根據(jù)事實(shí)回答，肯定用Yes,否定用No. 注意在說法上恰好與漢語

21、習(xí)慣相反. 如： Isnt it sunny today? 今天不是晴天嗎？Yes, it is. 不是，是晴天. No, it isnt. 是，不是晴天.11. 以why開頭的特殊疑問句否定形式常用于表示建議、請(qǐng)求等. 如： Why dont you have a try ? 12. 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是somebody, everyone等指人的不定代詞時(shí)，附加部分主語多用they代替，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體時(shí)用he或she代替;如： Everyone is here, arent they? 大家都在，不是嗎？ Somebody is out, isnt he ? 有人外出了，不是嗎？ 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語

22、是something, everything等指物的不定代詞時(shí)，附加部分的主語用it來代替；當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是從句、不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語時(shí)，附加部分的主語用it來代替；當(dāng)陳述部分的主語為one時(shí)，附加部分的主語可以用one來代替，也可以用you來. 如： Everything is ready, isnt it? Doing morning exercise every day is a good habit, isnt it ? One can get a good result through ones hard work, cant one/ you? 13. 當(dāng)陳述部分為there be

23、 句型時(shí)，附加部分仍用there. 如：There is a bus station, isnt there? 14. 當(dāng)陳述部分為一般祈使句時(shí)，附加部分用will you? / wont you? ; 當(dāng)陳述部分為L(zhǎng)ets 開頭的祈使句時(shí)，附加疑問句部分用shall we?; 當(dāng)陳述部分為L(zhǎng)et me 或Let us開頭的祈使句時(shí)，附加疑問句部分用will you? 如： Dont be late again, will you? Lets go to the park, shall we? Let me / us go out for a walk, will you? 15. 當(dāng)陳述部分

24、為感嘆句時(shí)，附加疑問句部分用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定形式. 如：What an interesting book, isnt it? 16. 當(dāng)陳述部分有few, seldom, never, hardly, not, rarely, nobody等表示否定含義的詞時(shí)，附加疑問句部分用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；如陳述部分有由前后綴構(gòu)成的否定詞時(shí)，附加部分用否定結(jié)構(gòu).如： It is never useful, is it? It is useless, isnt it? 17.當(dāng)陳述部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞have時(shí)，附加疑問句部分用助動(dòng)詞do, does, 或did. 如：You have a pen, dont you?當(dāng)

25、陳述部分有助動(dòng)詞have時(shí)，附加疑問句部分仍用have. 如：She hasnt been to England, has she? 當(dāng)陳述部分有have/has/ had to 時(shí)， 附加疑問部分分別用助動(dòng)詞do/does/did的否定形式. 如：He had to go there on foot, didnt he ? 18.陳述部分有had better, 附加疑問部分用hadnt. 如： You had better finish it tomorrow, hadnt you ? 19. 當(dāng)陳述部分有used to, ought to時(shí)， 附加疑問句部分用usednt/ didnt

26、, shouldnt. 如：She used to study in Beijing, usednt / didnt she ? She ought to study , shouldnt she?20. 在反意疑問句中要注意判別s 是has還是is 的縮略形式；d是would 還是had的縮略形式. 如： Shes finished the job, hasnt she? 21. 對(duì)于同一個(gè)意思的感嘆句，既可以用how來引導(dǎo)，也可以用what來引導(dǎo)，但結(jié)構(gòu)不同. 如： What a beautiful flower it is! = How beautiful a flower is!實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)

27、練：一.單項(xiàng)選擇1. She told us a story. Her voice sounded_. A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly2.-In recent years, more and more Americans like traveling during holidays. -_. A. So do we Chinese. B. So will we Chinese. C. So we Chinese do. D. So we Chinese will. 3. Jane likes singing. We often hear her _ after class. A. sing B. to sing C. sings D. singing4. -Which of the twin brothers is a scientist? -_ we. A. All B. Both C. Either D. Neither 5. My uncle gav