書寫系統(tǒng)【英文】

1、Writing systemsLinguistics 484PreviewSome ideas about how to think about writing systemsJapanese, Chinese, syllable structureWritten languages are effectively codesBeeLeafBeliefRebus principleThe symbols represent the parts of the word.The connection to the full word is through the sound.Three kinds

2、 of problemClass 1: language known, script not known.Class 2: language not known, script known.Class 3: neither script nor language known.Class 1Ugaritic: language assumed to be Phoenician, script unknownClass 2Gothic: script known, language not known, but clearly an ancestor of modern Germanic lang

3、uages.Class 3Hieroglyphics: language unknown, principles of script not understoodLinear B: sameCryptographyFor which class is it easiest to see how to use ideas we have already studied?Types of writing systemLogographicLogophoneticSyllabicConsonantal alphabeticSyllabic alphabeticC&V alphabeticChines

4、eChinese is logographic. (From Greek “l(fā)ogos” = word, “graphos”= writing)This means that each symbol represents a word.ChineseOmniglot (great resource http:/) calls Chinese “semantic/phonetic”Characters may contain a hint at meaning.Characters may contain a hint at sound.Pictograms: signlooks (a bit)

5、 likewhat it meansIdeograms: character represents anabstract conceptSemantic phoneticSound and meaningRadicalsEarly Chinese writing was strongly pictographic and phonetic.Used rebus principle.But this led to ambiguity, so scribes began to add radicals to disambiguate the words. These are extra symbo

6、ls that have no independent sound.ChineseSound changeBecause of changes in the language, the “phonetic” part of the characters of modern Chinese may represent the sounds of old words that are no longer used.Logographic systemsThere may be thousands of signs.Probably, no individual knows/uses them al

7、l.Counting the signs is helpfulSyllablesEvery language has syllables.A syllable consists of a vowel plus (perhaps) some consonants before and after itParts of the syllableSyllableOnsetRimeNucleusCodaSyllableOnsetRimeNucleusCodaSyllable structureLanguages have rules about what can appear in each stru

8、ctural positionEvery syllable has to have a nucleusAll languages allow at least one consonant in the onsetFor exampleEnglish allows the “NG” sound in the coda, but not in the onset.This is called a “phonotactic constraint”.Types of syllableAn open syllable is one that has an empty coda. (e.g. “boo”,

9、”moo”,”ah”,”strew”)A closed syllable is one that has a non-empty coda (e.g. “book”,”moon”,”at”,”strengths”)Consonant clusters“Strengths” has two clusters of three consonants each “S” “T” “R” and “NG” “TH” “S”Languages can differ in what consonant clusters they allow, and where.For example, English d

10、oes allow “PT” in the coda “KEPT”, but not in the onset.HawaiianAkamaiAlohaHiapoHauoliKahuKahunaKoaKumuKupunaKuuipoLakiLaniLauleaLaulimaLehuaLeilaniLunaMahaloMaikaiMakanaMakuaMalamaMoopunaPuuwaiTutuWaipaheHawaiianA-ka-maiA-lo-haHi-a-poHau-o-liKa-huKa-hu-naKoaKu-muKu-pu-naKuu-i-poLa-kiLa-niLau-leaLau

11、-limaLe-huaLei-laniLu-naMa-ha-loMai-kaiMa-ka-naMa-kuaMa-la-maMoo-pu-naPuu-waiTu-tuWai-pa-heHawaiianSimple rule 1: no coda allowedSimple rule 2: onset has zero or one consonantsSimple rule 3: some long vowelsa, ai, an, ang, aoba, bai, ban, bang, bao, bei, ben, beng, bi, bian, biao, bie, bin, bing, bo

12、, buca, cai, can, cang, cao, ce, cei, cen, ceng, cha, chai, chan, chang, chao, che, chen, cheng, chi, chong, chou, chu, chua, chuai, chuan, chuang, chui, chun, chuo, ci, cong, cou, cu, cuan, cui, cun, cuoda, dai, dan, dang, dao, de, dei, den, deng, di, dian, diao, die, ding, diu, dong, dou, du, duan

13、, dui, dun, duoe, , ei, en, erfa, fan, fang, fei, fen, feng, fo, fou, fuga, gai, gan, gang, gao, ge, gei, gen, geng, gong, gou, gu, gua, guai, guan, guang, gui, gun, guoha, hai, han, hang, hao, he, hei, hen, heng, hm, hng, hong, hou, hu, hua, huai, huan, huang, hui, hun, huoji, jia, jian, jiang, jia

14、o, jie, jin, jing, jiong, jiu, ju, juan, jue, junka, kai, kan, kang, kao, ke, kei, ken, keng, kong, kou, ku, kua, kuai, kuan, kuang, kui, kun, kuola, lai, lan, lang, lao, le, lei, leng, li, lia, lian, liang, liao, lie, lin, ling, liu, long, lou, lu, luo, luan, lun, l, lem, ma, mai, man, mang, mao, m

15、ei, men, meng, mi, mian, miao, mie, min, ming, miu, mo, mou, mun, na, nai, nan, nang, nao, ne, nei, nen, neng, ng, ni, nian, niao, nie, nin, ning, niu, nong, nou, nu, nuo, nuan, n, neo, oupa, pai, pan, pang, pao, pei, pen, peng, pi, pian, piao, pie, pin, ping, po, pou, puqi, qia, qian, qiang, qiao,

16、qie, qin, qing, qiong, qiu, qu, quan, que, qunran, rang, rao, ren, reng, ri, rong, rou, ru, rua, ruan, rui, run, ruosa, sai, san, sang, sao, se, sei, sen, seng, sha, shai, shan, shang, shao, she, shei, shen, sheng, shi, shou, shu, shua, shuai, shuan, shuang, shui, shun, shuo, si, song, sou, su, suan

17、, sui, sun, suota, tai, tan, tang, tao, te, teng, ti, tian, tiao, tie, ting, tong, tou, tu, tuan, tui, tun, tuowa, wai, wan, wang, wei, wen, weng, wo, wuxi, xia, xian, xiang, xiao, xie, xin, xing, xiong, xiu, xu, xuan, xue, xunya, yan, yang, yao, ye, yi, yin, ying, yong, you, yu, yuan, yue, yunza, z

18、ai, zan, zang, zao, ze, zei, zen, zeng, zha, zhai, zhan, zhang, zhao, zhe, zhei, zhen, zheng, zhi, zhong, zhou, zhu, zhua, zhuai, zhuan, zhuang, zhui, zhun, zhuo, zi, zong, zou, zu, zuan, zui, zun, zuoMandarin initial soundsbpmfdtnlgkhjqxzcszhchshrMandarin final soundsVowelsa,e,i,o,u,Dipthongsai,ao,

19、ei,ia,iao, ie, iou, ou, ua, uai, e, uei, uoBack Nasalsan, en, ian, in, uan, an, uen, nFront Nasalsang, eng, iang, ing, iong, ong, uang, uengStandalone syllablesDo not combine.er, hm, hng, m, n, ng, rTotal number of sounds411 possible sounds, plus 4 tones, makes about 1600 syllablesRules for Mandarin

20、No consonant clusters.Consonants only in onset, apart from two nasals. All syllables are (kind of) open.Pronunciations/chinese/pinyin.htmImplications for writingSyllables quite restricted.Explains need for radicals.How would you use ciphers with Chinese?JapaneseDiffers from Chinese

21、linguistically.Chinese is isolating.Japanese has inflectionsInflectionsMary-ga kono Nihon kara-no kagaku-no gakusei-o korosi ta Mary-SUBJ that Japan from chemistry of student-DO killed PAST Writing systemFirst shot at Japanese writing used Chinese characters for both content words and grammatical endings.Way too confusingSolutionThree scripts!Hiragana - used for native Japanese wordsKatakana - used for inflexions and non-Chinese foreign wordsKanji - the literate languageHiraganaKatakanaKanjiKanjiBasic repertoir