托福閱讀120長難句+分析

1、1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth s surfa，cethe deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans ， in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space （定語后置 in some ways ）由于完全沒有光， 而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力， 深海底部對人類而言是一

2、個充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險惡和遙遠(yuǎn)。分句 1： Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句 2： hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface分句 3： the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句 4： in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句 2 修飾分句 1 結(jié)尾的短語 i

3、ntense pressures，分句 1 是分句 3 的原因狀語分句 3 是整個長句子的主句分句 4 是分句 3 的后置定語，修飾分句 3 的 a hostile environment to humans 整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)是：原因狀語 +主句 +后置定語 這是主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分， 但是本句其實(shí)不是復(fù)合句。 句子的核心意思是 深海對于人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境。2. Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive

4、population growth （倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) Basic to any understandingis ）要理解二戰(zhàn)之后 20 年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。分句 1： Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War 分句 2： is分句 3： the countrys impressive population growth分句 1，2，3 共同構(gòu)成倒裝句， 正常的語序應(yīng)該是 3，2，1，即：該句的正常語序是 The countrys impressive popu

5、lation growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War本句是一個簡單句，只不過使用了倒裝，謂語動詞是 is.3. As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publici

6、zed and form the basis for folklore （同位語從句 claims that ） 結(jié)果，那些認(rèn)為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康的觀點(diǎn)廣為人知，并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。分句 1： that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health分句 2： claims have become widely publicized and form the basis f

7、or folklore分句 2 嵌套分句 1，分句 1 作為分句 2 主語的同位語從句嵌套在分句 2 中。因此本句的主句 是 claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些觀點(diǎn)廣為人知， 并 成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。同位語從句是 that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health ：只食用綠色食

8、品就能 防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones ， that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs ， that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like （并列同位語從句 reports that , that , that ）關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造

9、維生素， 受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價值更高， 未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的 谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報道屢見不鮮，但都沒有得到證實(shí)。分句 1： There are numerous unsubstantiated reports分句 2： natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones分句 3： that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs分句 4： that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and t

10、he like分句1是整個長句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列關(guān)系，共同構(gòu)成分句 1的同位語從句。本句的意思是有很多沒有經(jīng)過證實(shí)的報道，然后并列了三個未經(jīng)過證實(shí)的報道的從句。5 The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that recon struct ion had to be un dertake n also in the North though less spectacularly（同位語從句 fact that ）南方極為嚴(yán)重的困境使北方同樣需要開始重建（盡管不像南方那么引人注目）這一事實(shí)顯得不太重要。分句

11、 1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact分句 2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North分句 3.though less spectacularly （省略）1和 2嵌套1和 3并列6 The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fue

12、led what we now know as urban sprawl （賓語從句 what we now know as）現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計劃擴(kuò)展的現(xiàn)象。分句 1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled 分句 2： what we now know as urban

13、 sprawl分句 1 嵌套分句 2，即分句 1 是主句，分句 2 是賓語從句， 主句結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過精簡應(yīng)該是 The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl 。 本句的理解困難還來自于抽象詞fuel ，它作為名詞的含義廣為人知，是能源、燃料，作為動詞的時候的意思就可以引申為促使、造成。7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came

14、 to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth （Of 結(jié)構(gòu)作定語：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs）但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題： 為何在一個特定的地點(diǎn)會如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn) 的懷孕魚龍群。分句 1： But these factors do not account for the interest

15、ing question分句 2：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth分句 1 嵌套分句 2.分句 2 是 Of 結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語修飾說明 question 的內(nèi)容。8. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhe

16、re in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent ，the two captains set out（同位語從句 rumors that ）當(dāng)時有一些傳言， 說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動， 而且在這一區(qū)域的某個地方有一 座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達(dá) 80 英里長 50英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。分句 1： Amid rumors分句 2： that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region分句 3：

17、and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent 分句 4： the two captains set out分句 1 和分句 4 構(gòu)成倒裝， 正常的語序應(yīng)該是分句4+ 分句 1，即 the two captains set out Amidrumors。分句1嵌套分句2和分句3,分句2和分句3是修飾分句1的rumors的同位語從句， 用來說明謠言的具體內(nèi)容。分句 2和分句 3構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。9. In the seventeenth century the organ, th

18、e clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group , a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century（同位語 a supremacy）17 世紀(jì)時風(fēng)琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員,這種至高無上的地位一直由 它們保持,直到 1 8世紀(jì)末被鋼琴所取代。分句 1 ： In the seventeenth century the

19、 organ, the clavichord , and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,分句 2： a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century分句 2是分句 1 的同位語從句, 用來修飾說明分句 1 中的 the chief instruments of the keyboardgroup 10 A series of mechanical i

20、mprovements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality ， finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an

21、almost orchestral fullness of sound ，from a liquid ，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance (介詞結(jié)構(gòu)fromto 作定語)持續(xù)到 19 世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn)，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和，改善金屬框 架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲， 最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器 這些效果涵蓋 了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響， 從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢 弘氣氛。分句 1： A series of mechanical improvements continuing we

22、ll into the nineteenth century 分句 2： including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it 分句 3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality 分句 4： finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects 分句 5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost

23、orchestral fullness of sound ， 分句 6： from a liquid ， singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是由分句 1 和分句 4 構(gòu)成，即 A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects,分句2和分句3并列修飾說明分句 1中的A series

24、of mecha nical improveme nts，而 分句 5和分句 6并列，修飾說明了分句 4中的 an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects11 The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1, 000 or more 最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為 P

25、ueblo Bonito( 美麗的城鎮(zhèn) ),是一個五層梯式樓,有 800 多 間房子,能夠容納 1 000 人以上。分句 1 ：The largest rose in five terraced stories , contained more than 800 rooms , and could have housed a population of 1 , 000 or more分句 2： later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish分句1嵌套分句2,分句2用來修飾分句1的主語the largest,分句1內(nèi)部是由三個并列的謂 語

26、構(gòu)成的句子。12Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as,the film h“assilent ”never been, in the full sense of the word, silent (倒裝 accustomed though we are =though we are accustomed ) 雖然我們習(xí)慣于將 1 927年以前的電影叫做 “無聲電影 ”,但是就 “無聲 這個詞的完整意義上 說,電影從未真正的無聲過。分句 1 ： Accustomed though we are

27、to speaking of the films made before 1927 as“silent ”分句 2： the film has never been silent分句 3： in the full sense of the word 本句的難點(diǎn)是在分句 1 內(nèi)部有一個倒裝，正常的語序應(yīng)該是 though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent. 分句 3 是一個插入語，嵌套在分句 2 中，所以 本句的真正強(qiáng)調(diào)的核心是 the film has never been silent

28、。13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra ， and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musi

29、cal pieces（特殊結(jié)構(gòu)notSO much as -與其說 不如說）在好些年內(nèi)， 為各部影片選擇配樂的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中， 而通常擔(dān)任這種 職位的資格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說是個人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。分句 1： .For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra分句 2： and very often the principal qua

30、lification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces 分句1和分句2構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，分句 2的難點(diǎn)在于not . so much as的結(jié)構(gòu)。14 Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the impor

31、tance of biological diversity ， the number of species in a particular ecosystem ， to the health of the Earth and human well-being （倒裝 coincident with concernshas been =has been coincident with concerns）在對物種和動物棲息地加速消失表示關(guān)注的同時， 人們也越來越認(rèn)識到生物多樣化， 即一個 特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。分句 1：Coincident with conce

32、rns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity 分句 2：the number of species in a particular ecosystem 分句 3：to the health of the Earth and human well-being分句 1 內(nèi)部構(gòu)成倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是 concerns about the accelerating loss of speci

33、es and habitats has been coincident with a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being 所以真正的主句經(jīng)過精簡之后是 concerns has been coincident with a growing appreciation 分句 2 是一個插入語，用來解釋說明分句 1 結(jié)尾的 biological diversity15.The fact that half of th

34、e known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising， considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species （同位語從句 fact that ; 定語從句 that comprise the bulk ） 考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量， 認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事 實(shí)看起來并不令人吃驚。分句 1 ： The fact does not seem s

35、urprising分句 2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests分句 3： considering the huge numbers of insects分句 4： that comprise the bulk of the species分句 1 嵌套分句 2，分句 2 解釋說明分句 1 的主語 the fact, 是同位語從句， 分句 3 作為分句 1 的原因狀語，分句 4 是定語從句，修飾分句 3 的 the huge numbers of insects16.To ap

36、preciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea ， it helps to think small （特殊結(jié)構(gòu)it helps to 做有幫助） 要充分認(rèn)識海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。目的狀語： To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,主句：it helps to think small （這里的 it 是形式主語，沒有實(shí)際意義）1 7.Science is built with facts just as

37、 a house is built with bricks ，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house （特殊結(jié)構(gòu) not any more than 像 一樣不 ）科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)上， 就像房子用磚砌成一樣。 但收集的事實(shí)不能被叫做科學(xué)， 就像一堆磚不 能被稱為房子一樣。分句 1. Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,分句 2. but

38、a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.1和 2 是并列分句 （轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities （從句 which side is used乍-corresponds to 的賓語 兩個半球之間的不同與身體的哪一部分用于進(jìn)行特

39、定的活動是對應(yīng)的。分句 1. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to分句 2. which side of the body is used to perform specific activities 1和 2 是嵌套1 是主句， 2 做主句的賓語19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme ，and Thom

40、as Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction （特殊結(jié)構(gòu) characterized by以一為特征）盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng) （以作家約翰巴思、唐納德巴塞爾姆和托馬斯.品欽 為代表）為特征的時代，喬伊斯 卡羅爾 歐茨因?yàn)閳猿肿约盒≌f本質(zhì)上模仿的特點(diǎn)，有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。分句 1. characterized by the aban

41、donment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth， Donald Barthelme ，and Thomas Pynchon,分句 2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction 分句1做時間狀語“Ina period 的后置定語，補(bǔ)充修飾period,相當(dāng)于省略了whic

42、h was的定語從句 分句 2 是主句20If it were not for this faculty ,they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence（虛擬語氣 ）如果不是具有這種能力, 它們就會在短時間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物, 而且很可能會因餓死 而滅絕。分句 1. If it were not for this faculty分句 2. they would devour all the food available

43、in short time分句 3. would probably starve themselves out of existence分句 1 是虛擬句的條件從句分句 2、 3是并列,主句21Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures ,as are social classes（倒裝 as are social classes） 個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。分句 1. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures分句 2. as are social cl

44、asses1和2并列，2采用倒裝語序，as表示 也，和一樣”22People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos （同位語從句 prospect that ）19 世紀(jì)的美國人因?yàn)楹ε聡医?jīng)濟(jì)中史無前例的變化會帶來社會混亂這一前景而提心吊 膽。分句 1. People in the United States in the ninet

45、eenth century were haunted by the prospect 分句 2. unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos 1 和 2 嵌套，1 是主句， 2 具體解釋說明 prospect23 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force

46、from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits (倒裝 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that =A structural change was accompanying that growth)伴隨著這一增長的是一個結(jié)構(gòu)變化， 它以經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和 其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。分句 1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change分句 2. featu

47、red increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits1和 2 是嵌套分句 1 是主句，且采用完全倒裝的形式分句 2 是定語從句，修飾 change. 這個定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，由 2 個 and 連接三個并列的 名詞性成分24 As the roles men and women played in society became more r

48、igidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home ( 倒裝 so did ) 隨著男人和女人在社會中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴(yán)格，他們在家中的角色也是如此。分句 1. the roles became more rigidly defined 分句 2. men and women played in society 分句 3. so did the roles分句 4. they played in the home 1和 2嵌套， 3和 4嵌套1和 3 并列2和 4 分別作為定語從句修飾 roles3 是由 so 引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝

49、句25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals， sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes(倒裝 Surrounding the column are)圍繞著蕊柱的是三個萼片和三個花瓣，有時很容易辨認(rèn)出來，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、 奇特但總是有用的形狀。分句 1. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three p

50、etals分句 2. sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous ，weird，but always分句 1. 分句 2. 分句 3. 分句 4.functional shapes1 是主句， 采用完全倒裝26With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it ， young people married and established househol

51、ds earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression （倒裝 than had their predecessors 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分 ） 隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長， 年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更 早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。分句 1. the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War分句 2. the economic boom that followed

52、 it分句 3. young people married and established households earlier分句 4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression 1和 2并列， 3和 4并列1 和 2 是伴隨狀語3和 4 是主句27The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature ；furthermore ，in its manifestation of speed and noise， it migh

53、t be a despoiler of human nature as well （ 關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu) could be and was）鐵路可以， 事實(shí)上也是自然的掠奪者； 而且， 在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是人性的掠奪 者。分句 1. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature分句 2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well 1 和 2 是并列 （由分號連接的兩個并列分句）28 In the railroads prime years ，between 1 890 and 192

54、0 ， there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them ，who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stations ，yards，and locomotive cabs （同位語 most of them ；定語從句 who made a profession of writing）在 1890 年到 1

55、920 年間鐵路的黃金時期， 美國有幾個人 （ 他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗(yàn) ） 以寫鐵 路題材為職業(yè) 作品圍繞車站、停車場和機(jī)車。there were a few individuals in the United Statesmost of them with solid railroading experience behind them who made a profession of writing about railroading works offering the ambience of stations ， yards， and locomotive cabs1 是主句2和 3

56、 是嵌套2 作為 1 中 a few individuals 的同位語，對它進(jìn)一步解釋說明 29On the other hand ，when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information ，crows are less well known than many comparably common species and ，for that matter ， not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor ， to cite one obvio

57、us example （ 特殊結(jié)構(gòu) for that matter）另一方面， 當(dāng)涉及實(shí)質(zhì)性的， 特別是行為方面的信息時， 烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的 鳥類那樣為人所知； 而且，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥類， 舉一個明顯的例子，如像瀕危的加 利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知。分句 1. when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information分句 2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter ， not

58、a few quite uncommon ones ：the endangered California condor ，to cite one obvious example 1和 2是并列， 分句 1是時間狀語， 2是主句， 其中包含插入語結(jié)構(gòu) 以及冒號連接的解釋 說明的成分30 Keen observers and quick learners ， they are astute about the intentions of other creatures ， including researchers， and adept at avoiding them （ 并列同位語 keen

59、observers and quick learners） 烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學(xué)習(xí)者，它們對其他生物 （ 包括研究人員 ）的意圖感覺非常敏 銳，并且善于躲開它們。分句 1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures ， including researchers 分句 2. and adept at avoiding them 1和 2 是并列31 These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool n

60、ot only of science but also of history ， providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented （賓語從句 dem onstrate that ;特殊結(jié)構(gòu) otherwise） 這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實(shí)他們的工作不僅可以成為科學(xué)而且還是歷史的寶貴工具， 為了解 普通人的日常生活提供嶄新的觀點(diǎn)，否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載得這么好。分句 1： These r