主謂一致(二)終稿(1)

1、3.1以并列結構作主語的主謂一致問題 如果句子的主語是并列結構，這種主語的單、復數(shù)意義往往會影響謂語動詞的形式。這種主謂一致問題通常遵循以下規(guī)則： 1.由and或bothand連接的并列結構做主語，如果意義為復數(shù)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 Eg: Rain, hail and wind have caused an estimated $22,000,000 damage to crops and livestock. 如果作主語的并列結構不是指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，而是表示單數(shù)意義，則動詞用單數(shù)。 Eg: Ham and eggs is a good breakfast. The secretar

2、y and treasurer is absent. 有一些帶連詞and 的省略結構形似單數(shù)，而意義為復數(shù)，隨后的動詞則用復數(shù)。 Eg: What I said and think are no business of yours. 當and 連接的并列名詞詞組中帶有each, every,或者many a 等限定詞時，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。 Eg: Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy. 當然，也有一些由and連接的并列主語，其單、復數(shù)意義不很明確，這就只能根據(jù)上下文判定。 Eg: Your fairness

3、and impartiality has/have been much appreciated. 2.由or/nor/eitheror等連接的并列主語 由or, nor , either or ,neither nor , not only but also 連接的并列結構做主語，隨后的動詞形式通常按照就近原則處理。 Eg ：My sister or my brother is likely to be at home . 3.主語+as much as 等 當主語后面跟有由as much as , rather than , more than , no less than 等引導的從屬結構

4、時，隨后的動詞形式依主語本身的單復數(shù)而定。 Eg: his brother rather than his parents is to blame. 4.主語+as well as 等 當主語后面跟有由as well as , in addition to , with , along with , together with , except 等引導的詞組時，其后的動詞形式也取決于主語本身的形式。 Eg: The father， as well as his sons ,is going to enroll.3.2以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組做主語的主謂一致問題 英語中有一些表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞

5、組。數(shù)量概念分兩類：一類是確定數(shù)量，如three months ,five kilos , six quarts 等；另一類是非確定數(shù)量，如all of , some of , none of , enough of 等。如果用這類名詞詞組做主語，往往產生主謂一致問題。 1.以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組做主語 a)如果數(shù)量概念被看作一個整體，動詞用單數(shù)；如果被看作組成該數(shù)量的一個個的個體，則動詞用復數(shù)。 Eg: Three miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run. There were six silver dollars in each

6、 of the stockings. b)如果作主語的名詞詞組是由分數(shù)（或百分數(shù)）+of-詞組構成，其動詞形式依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。 Eg: Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war. Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women c)兩數(shù)相減或相除，動詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復數(shù)。 Eg: Forty minus fifteen(40-15)leaves twenty-five. Five times eight(5x8) is / are fo

7、rty. d)如果主語由one in / one out of +復數(shù)名詞構成，在正式的語體中，動詞用單數(shù)；在非正式語體中，動詞也可按就近原則用復數(shù)。 Eg: One in ten students has failed the exam. 2.以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語 當主語為表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時，解決 主謂一致問題有以下規(guī)則可循。 a)如果主語是all of , some of ,none of ,half of , most of 等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞類別而定。 Eg： Most of the members were there.

8、 Some of the money has been stolen. b)如果主語是由lots of , loads of , plenty of +名詞”構成，表示“許許多多”等概念時，隨后動詞的單、復數(shù)形式也依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。 Eg: Lots of food is going to waste. Lots of people are waiting outside. c)如果主語是由“a series of , a pile of , a panel of +名詞”構成，不管名詞類別為何，動詞通常用單數(shù)。 Eg: A series of accidents has been

9、reported. d)如果主語是由“限定詞+kind / type / sort of + 名詞”構成，隨后的動詞形式按以下規(guī)則： 在a kind / sort /type of , this kind / sort /type of 之后通常跟單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，動詞用單數(shù)。 Eg: This kind of man annoys me. 注意，在這樣的結構中，通常不用復數(shù)名詞，比如通常不說“this kind of roses, that type of cars.”如果要用復數(shù)名詞，就得說： Cars of that type are old-fashioned. 出現(xiàn)在these ki

10、nds of , many / several kinds of 之后的名詞，既可以是單數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞，也可以是復數(shù)名詞，動詞都用復數(shù)。 Eg: There are many different kinds of snake in the mountains. 在非正式語體中，還常見“these / those kind of+復數(shù)名詞”這樣的結構做主語，隨后的動詞用復數(shù) Eg: These kind of men are unreliable. 這里的kind, type 本該用復數(shù)，卻用了單數(shù)，似乎不合語法邏輯，然而這個有爭議的結構在非正式語體中卻是常見的。 e）如果主語是由“many

11、a+名詞”或“more than one +名詞”構成，其意義雖屬多數(shù)，但隨后的動詞仍遵循“語法一致”原則，用單數(shù)。Eg: Many a man has done duty More than one game was lost. f ) 如果主語由“an average of/a majority of +復數(shù)名詞”構成，而且明確表示多數(shù)個體概念，隨后的動詞用復數(shù)；如果這類主語不表示多數(shù)個體概念，則動詞用單數(shù)。 An average of 25 persons apply each month. An average of 25 applications a month is not unu

12、sual.3.3 其他方面的主謂一致問題1.以名詞性分句作主語的主謂一致問題以名詞性分句作主語的主謂一致問題 以名詞性分句作主語，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)，但有時也會產生主謂一致問題，有以下規(guī)則可循： 由what, who, why, how, whether 等 wh- 詞引導的名詞性分句作主語，其后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。 Eg: What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 兩個由and連接的并列名詞性分句作主語，如果主語表示兩件事情，動詞用復數(shù)。 Eg: What caused the accident and who was responsib

13、le for it remain a mystery to us. 在以what-分句作主語的SVC結構中，如果主句補語是復數(shù)名詞，主句謂語動詞可用復數(shù) Eg: What was real to him were the details of his life2.以非限定分句作主語的主謂一致問題 以非限定分句（主要是不定式分句和 -ing 分詞分句）作主語，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。 Eg: To eat well is all he asks. 以兩個由and連接的并列非限定分句作主語，如果指的是兩件事，動詞用復數(shù)；如果指的是一件事，動詞用單數(shù)。 Eg: Reading lbsen(閱讀易卜生劇

14、本）and solving a quadratic equation(解二元方程)are entirely different assignments.3.關系分句中的主謂一致問題 關系分句中謂語動詞單、復數(shù)形式通常依關系代詞先行項的形式而定。這里要特別講一下在“one of +復數(shù)名詞+關系分句”中，關系分句動詞的單、復數(shù)問題。 在“one of + 復數(shù)名詞+關系分句”結構中，關系分句動詞通常依照語法一致原則用復數(shù)形式。 Eg: Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful. 但有時為了強調one，這類結

15、構中關系分句的動詞也可采用單數(shù)形式，這種情況在英國英語中比較常見。 Eg: Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 如果在這類結構之前有定冠詞the或the only 等限定詞和強調詞時，關系分句動詞形式依one而定，用單數(shù)。 Eg: He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.4.分裂句中的主謂一致問題 在分裂句中，that-/who-分句的動詞形式通常依先行項而定。這里要特別講

16、一下在“It is I/ me + who-/that-分句”中的動詞形式問題。 在“It is I + who-分句”中，who-分句動詞現(xiàn)在時在人稱和數(shù)的形式上應與I保持一致。 Eg: It is I who am to blame. 但在非正式語體中，分裂句中心成分可用賓格代詞me。這時，隨后的that-分句動詞通常用第三人稱單數(shù)。 Eg: It is me that is to blame.5.存在句中的主謂一致問題 在存在句中，謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式一般取決于隨后的“實義主語”的形式：實義主語為復數(shù)，動詞用復數(shù)；實義主語不是復數(shù)，動詞用單數(shù)。 There are three rout

17、es you can take. There is a note left on the desk. 當用作實義主語的名詞詞組是個并列結構時，只要第一個并列成分不是復數(shù)，謂語動詞便可用單數(shù)。這里也可以說是“就近原則”。 Theres a long springboard and three rafts at varying distances from the shore.1.Pancakes and syrup( is, are )a tasty breakfast.2.The tenth and the last chapter( was, were )translated into Ru

18、ssian by Bob. 由and連接的并列結構作主語，如果并列結構是表示單數(shù)意義，動詞用單數(shù)，反之用復數(shù)。 第一題用is，第二題用were Not only one, but all, of us( is, are )hoping to be there. Not onlybut連接的并列結構隨后的動詞形式按照就近原則,所以用are Two-thirds of the people present ( is, are )against the plan. 主語的名詞詞組由“分數(shù)+of-詞組”構成，其動詞形式依詞組中的名詞而定，故用are. All of the fruit ( looks, look ) ripe. 主語是all of動詞形式依of詞組中名詞而定,故用looks There (is, are )one apple and three pears in the refrigerator. 存在句中主語為并列結構時,動詞形式依第一個并列成分而定,故用is More than one student ( has , have )failed the exam.