高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-形容詞和副詞

1、形容詞和副詞 v形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。形容詞形容詞性質(zhì)形容詞性質(zhì)形容詞敘述形容詞敘述形容詞v直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot。 Today is very hot. Its a hot day.v敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，所以又稱為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。如，afraid 錯(cuò): He is an ill man. 對(duì)：The man is ill. 錯(cuò): She is an afr

2、aid girl. 對(duì)：The girl is afraid. 這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake v （一）作定語(yǔ)v 1前置定語(yǔ)v （1）形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般需放在它所修飾的名詞之前并盡量靠近被修飾的詞。在這種位置上的定語(yǔ)叫前置定語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)序一般為“冠詞（或其他限定詞）+形容詞+名詞”。 He is an honest boy.形容詞的功能及位置：形容詞的功能及位置：v （2）若有多個(gè)形容修飾名詞，它們的位置要由它們與被修飾詞的密切程度來(lái)決定。其排列順序通常是：（縣官行令殺國(guó)材）v 限定詞描繪性形容詞顏

3、色國(guó)籍、地區(qū)用途、類別名：v 縣，即“限”，指限定詞，如：the; a/an; this; that; your; my; v 官，即“觀”，指觀點(diǎn)或評(píng)價(jià)性詞，如：lovely; interesting; cutev 行，即“形”，指形狀大小，如：large; big; small; little; round; v 令，即“齡”，指年齡及新舊，如：new; old; ancient; oldv 殺，即“色”，指顏色，如：red; green; orange; brownv 國(guó)，指國(guó)家或出處，如：Chinese; Japanese; home-madev 材，指材料，也就是用什么做的。如：gl

4、ass; stone; wood1.Chinese, glass, a, beautiful, table a beautiful Chinese glass table2.wonderful, my, garden, new, large my wonderful large new garden3. a, round, table, small a small round table4. a, old, dirty, brown shirt a dirty old brown shirtvTony is going camping with _ boys. A.little two oth

5、er B. two little other C.two other little D.little other two 答案：C. 由“限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪 One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 年齡+國(guó)家+材料。 v2后置定語(yǔ)v（1）作不定代詞的定語(yǔ)v修飾someone, something, anyone, anything, nobody ever

6、yone, nothing, no one, 等不定代詞時(shí)，要后置。 There is nothing new. She must have met something dangerous.v（2）前綴以a-構(gòu)成的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要求后置。v 常見(jiàn)的有afraid, alive, alike, asleep, awake等 The man awake at that time was Mr. Smith. v（3）形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。這些形容詞短語(yǔ)多是由 “形容詞+介詞短語(yǔ)/不定式短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成。 It is a problem difficult to solve.v（4）形容詞成對(duì)使用時(shí)，

7、由and/or連接的并列形容詞成對(duì)使用時(shí)后置。 Everyone, young or old, will do it.v（5） 表示方位、時(shí)間和數(shù)量等習(xí)語(yǔ)、詞組連用時(shí)后置 This is a river two hundred miles long. It is a bridge eight metres wide. v（二）作表語(yǔ)v1在連系動(dòng)詞后要用形容詞作表語(yǔ)：常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有:be，look，feel，smell，taste，sound，get/become/grow，remain, 而行為動(dòng)詞則要用副詞修飾。 The cake tastes delicious. He looks ve

8、ry tired. v2只能用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞：大多數(shù)形容詞可以用作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但有些形容詞只能用作表語(yǔ)。v（1）以“a-”開(kāi)頭的形容詞和content, ill, drunk, sure, liable, unable, well等詞。 She is asleep now. The film is worth seeing.v（2）有些形容詞是以-ly結(jié)尾的，我們?nèi)菀装阉鼈冋`認(rèn)為是副詞，如lovely，friendly，orderly，motherly, lonely，likely，lively，ugly: （錯(cuò)） He spoke to me very friendly. （對(duì)） He sp

9、oke to me in a very friendly way. v但有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等： The Times is a weekly paper. The Times is published weekly. v（3）作表語(yǔ)但不用人做主語(yǔ)的形容詞 convenient, possible, impossible, necessary, v（三）用形容詞表示類別和整體v（1）某些形容詞前加上the變成名詞化的形容詞，相當(dāng)于名詞，表示一類人，在句子中做主、賓等。 the dead, the living

10、, the rich, the poor, the blind The young should respect the old.v（2）有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等： The English have wonderful sense of humor. v(1) whole與all：v the whole + 名詞； all (of) the + 名詞。 He was busy the whole morning. He can remember all t

11、he words he learns.v(2) real與true：vreal一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”；vtrue則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實(shí)的”： This is a real diamond。 -Is that true? - Yes. I heard it with my own ears. 有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析 v(3) tall與high：v Tall 指身高的高度，用于人和動(dòng)物, 反義詞為short He is very short/tall.vHigh 指物體的高度，另可形容價(jià)格,質(zhì)量等, 反義詞為low The kite is flying ve

12、ry high. Tall和high都可用來(lái)指tree, building, tower等，但mountain只能用high形容。 v (4) too much與much too：v too much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數(shù)量；v much too表示“太過(guò),過(guò)分”,修飾形容詞或副詞： I am full because I have had too much rice. That coat is much too dear.v (5) lonely與alone：v lonely是表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞,“孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；v alone “獨(dú)自的,單獨(dú)的”,指無(wú)人陪伴,僅作表語(yǔ)

13、,(作為副詞的alone可作狀語(yǔ))： He lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely.vquick、fast與soon：vquick往往指反應(yīng)速度快,vfast往往指運(yùn)動(dòng)速度快,vsoon則表示時(shí)間上很快即將發(fā)生： After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school. A train is much faster than a bus. His father will be back to China very soon.vother與else的區(qū)別：vother放在名詞前；velse修飾不定代詞、疑問(wèn)詞、little、

14、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞： The other students are on the playground Who else can work out this maths problem? Do you have anything else to say for yourself?副詞就是修飾或限制動(dòng)詞或形容詞作用、表程度或范圍的詞 v 作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：v 1程度副詞：much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, enough, almost, hardly.(1)程度副詞一般放在被修飾的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副

15、詞的前面，放在to be或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后 I can hardly believe what he said. I am very happy to be with you. The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed very sad.副詞及其基本用法 v(2) too(that, this, as, so, how, however)+形容詞+a/an+名詞 Ive never seen that big an apple. This is too difficult a question. v副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞eno

16、ugh放在名詞前后都可： If I had a long enough holiday Id visit Europe. There is enough food for everyone to eat. = There is food enough for everyone to eat.v 2頻度副詞: often, sometimes, seldom, never, constantly, frequently, occasionally, usually等。v 通常在不需要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在行為動(dòng)詞前，放在to be或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。常用的這類詞： I often saw her

17、walk in the park. He is always talking in the class. v3方式副詞carefully, properly, suddenly, normally, fast, well, politely, warmly, 方式副詞一般放在動(dòng)詞后 The girl danced beautifully. She speaks English very well.v被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間： The runner was badly hurt. English is widely spoken in the world today. v4

18、時(shí)間副詞，finally, yet, still, now, soon, lately, shortly, then, recently, already, before, early, late, today等。v時(shí)間副詞, 尤其是表示具體時(shí)間的副詞，一般放在句首或句尾 He will be back tomorrow. They have already been to the UK twice. v5地點(diǎn)副詞， away, abroad, everywhere, outside, around, here, anywhere, somewhere, near, far, up, down

19、等。v通常置于句尾，有時(shí)置于句首，一般不置于句中, 常用的副詞： The boys are playing outside. There you can see thousands of bikes flying.v(2) 作表語(yǔ)：作表語(yǔ)：v地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作表語(yǔ),放在be等連系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明人物所處的位置： Im very sorry he isnt in at the moment. I have been away for nearly 20 years.v(3)作定語(yǔ)：時(shí)間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點(diǎn)副詞都可以作名詞的定語(yǔ),放在名詞的后面： People now often

20、have their dinners at restaurants. Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.v(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： Put your dirty socks away, Jim! v 注意 “動(dòng)詞+副詞”的賓語(yǔ)如果是代詞,則該副詞應(yīng)該放在代詞之后： He wrote down the word. He wrote it down.v(1) close與closely close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔細(xì)地”。例如： He is sitting close to me

21、. Watch him closely. v(2) late 與lately late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。例如： You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 兼有兩種形式的副詞 v (3) deep與deeply deep意思是深，表示空間深度； deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，深深地。 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.v (4) high與highly high表示空間高

22、度； highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much： The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. v5） wide與widely v wide表示空間寬度；vwidely意思是“廣泛地”，“在許多地方”： He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. v6） free與freely v free的意思是“免費(fèi)”；vfreely 的意思是“無(wú)限制地”。 He gives out free candies in the park. You may spea

23、k freely; say what you like.有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析v7） ago、before的用法：v“時(shí)間段+later/ago” “(多久)以后/以前”, 用于過(guò)去時(shí)v“after/before+某個(gè)時(shí)刻” 表示“在某時(shí)刻之后/之前”,此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。 He had an accident a week ago. Some years later, the boy became a singer.vago與before：ago只能用于過(guò)去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)： Have you been there before? She told me that

24、she had left for BJ 2 days ago.v8） too、also、either、nor的用法：vtoo(“也”)用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句的末尾,且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；valso(“也”)用于肯定句句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前, be動(dòng)詞之后；veither(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)；vnor(“也不”)用于倒裝句句首： Are you American, too? I am also a student. He is not happy and I am not happy, either. He didnt watch the football game. Nor did I.v9）

25、 sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：vsometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 vsometime(在將來(lái)某時(shí))用于將來(lái)時(shí)、 vsome times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、vsome time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間 Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. I will meet your father sometime. I will stay here some time. I have been to HK some times.v10） already、yet的用法：v在完成時(shí)中,alr

26、eady一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句： Have you done it already? I have not had my breakfast yet.v11） hard與hardly的用法：vhard作為副詞意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”, vhardly是否定詞,意思是：“幾乎不”,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用： They study English very hard. You can hardly see a person in the street.v12）“quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞”的用法：vquite/such/what.+a+形容詞+名詞;

27、vso/too/how+形容詞+a+名詞;vrather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞 I have never seen such a strange guy It is quite a nice day for a walk.v13） rather與quite的用法區(qū)別：同very一樣,兩個(gè)詞都表示形容詞或副詞的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比預(yù)料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含義,含有令人驚訝的意思。見(jiàn)下圖對(duì)“nice”程度的描繪： Its quite a nice film (可能意味著不是一部最好的電影) Its rather a

28、nice film (意味著比大多數(shù)電影都好)v 14） farther與further的用法區(qū)別：v 表示地點(diǎn)、方向或距離時(shí)兩個(gè)詞同義,意思為“更遠(yuǎn)、較遠(yuǎn)” v further還表示“更多、進(jìn)一步、額外”等意思,此時(shí)不能換為farther They decided to go farther/further the next day. This problem will be further discussed. Every one of them had their further studies abroad.v 15） maybe、possibly、perhaps的區(qū)別：v maybe

29、“可能, 也許”,比另兩個(gè)較不正式、可能性不大；v possibly“可能地, 或者, 也許”,可能性較大,在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中表示“無(wú)論如何”；v perhaps“可能”,較為常用而且正式,可能性也不大 Maybe you are right. I couldnt possibly have finished this work in such a short time. I thought perhaps it was the dress you want.v 16） most、mostly的區(qū)別：v most作為形容詞和名詞時(shí)意思是“大多數(shù)的、大部分的”,作為副詞時(shí)意思為“最,十分、很”；

30、v mostly僅為副詞,意為“主要地、多半地、大部分”地： I was at home most of the time when I was free. Most children are naughty. She is mostly out on Sundays.v 17）(be) worth、(be) worthy of的區(qū)別：v worth一般被看作是介詞,后面接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義,還可以用副詞well修飾；v worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式 The car is worth ￥3,000 This book is well wor

31、th reading several times. It is a thing worthy of being seen.v 18） almost、nearly的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞意思相近,都表示“幾乎、將近”,大多數(shù)情況下可以互換,與否定詞連用時(shí)用almost不用nearly. almost no 相當(dāng)于hardly any(幾乎沒(méi)有)。 We are almost/nearly there. He had done almost nothing today.v 19） a bit與a little的區(qū)別：v 這兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)經(jīng)常當(dāng)作副詞使用,修飾形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)或比較級(jí),可以互換,語(yǔ)氣比rath

32、er弱。 This digital camera is a bit (a little) expensive. It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.v 另外,a little可以直接加不可數(shù)名詞,a bit 則采用“a bit + of +名詞(不可數(shù)或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))”的形式 I have got a bit of a cold. Go and get a little water for me, pleasev 注意 not a bit(=not at all)意為“根本不”,v 而 not a little則意為“非常,不是一點(diǎn)”。v 2

33、0） especially; specially; particular 特別地、尤其地v (1)especially 常用于正式文體, 通常用來(lái)對(duì)前面所敘述的事情作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充或說(shuō)明， “特別地、尤其地”。 v (2)specially常用于口語(yǔ)中，表示為了特別的目的、專門的。 v (3)particular含有“特有的”和“個(gè)別的”之意。指從眾多事例中選出一個(gè) “個(gè)別的”，但有時(shí)也表示特殊，意義與special相同。 I love this city, especially in winter. He come here specially to see you. Any particula

34、r places you want to see? v 既是形容詞也是副詞的單詞有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等： It was a long holiday He stayed there very long. Think hard then you will find a way. He is a very hard(難對(duì)付的) person.v 大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化，

35、即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差v 原級(jí)即形容詞的原形，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。構(gòu)成法原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以- le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母，再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-estcleverclevererclevere

36、st其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)important more importantmost important原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)goodbetterbestwell（健康的）worseworstbadill（有病的）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfar farther/furtherfarthest/furthestv “most+形容詞”可表達(dá)一種程度上非常高的特性和品質(zhì)，表示“非常”或“在很大程度上”，但卻 不表示比較，這時(shí)most前一般無(wú)the。 What he

37、said is most interesting. Dont you know it is a most important question? v 形容詞、副詞遞減的比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成v 在形容詞、副詞前加less和least，表示“較不”和“最不”v Interesting less interesting least interestingv Important less important least importantv 有些形容詞由于其本身涵義一般不用來(lái)比較。如：v 表示“完全、特別”意義的形容詞 final, hopeless, complete, excellent, perfec

38、t, total, whole, full, empty, impossible等v 表示“極限、主次”意義的形容詞 chief, extreme, main, major, basic, first, most, wonderfulv 表示“處所、方位、時(shí)間”的形容詞 ahead, daily, weekly, here, now, present, then, outside, future, once等沒(méi)有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞、副詞 v 表示“狀態(tài)和強(qiáng)調(diào)”的形容詞 asleep, ashamed, awake, aware, blind, deaf, dead, favorite, h

39、ardly, own, simple, veryv 表示“國(guó)籍、性質(zhì)、材料”的形容詞 American, economic, scientific, true, false, illegal, v 表示“獨(dú)一無(wú)二”的形容詞 only, single, v 1） a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。v 2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。 v 3）以上詞（除by far），必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。 v - Are you fe

40、eling _? v - Yes，Im fine now. A. any wellB. any better C. quite goodD. quite better 答案：B. any 可修飾比較級(jí)，quite修飾原級(jí)，well的比較級(jí)為better. 可修飾比較級(jí)的詞 v 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much 答案：C.much可修飾比較級(jí)，B，C都說(shuō)得通，但easier本身已是比較級(jí)，不需more v 3）If there were no exami

41、nations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest timeB. a more happier time C. much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：Dv (1) 表示兩者之間沒(méi)有差別時(shí),使用句型： He is as excited as his younger sister. They picked as many apples as the farmers. He is not so excited as his younger sister. They didnt pick as man

42、y apples as the farmers.原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法 主語(yǔ)1 + 謂動(dòng) + as + 形/副原級(jí) + as + 主語(yǔ)2 +. 主語(yǔ)1 + 謂動(dòng) (否) + as / so + 形/副原級(jí) + as + 主語(yǔ)2+ v (2)講述兩者有差異, 使用句型：v A modern train is much faster than a car. I think English is less difficult than math.v (3) 講述某人/物是最突出的一個(gè)時(shí),用最高級(jí):v 注意： 形容詞最高級(jí)前一般需加定冠詞the；副詞最高級(jí)前用或不用定冠詞

43、the都可。 The Changjiang River is the longest in China. He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)1+謂動(dòng)謂動(dòng)+(much/less ) +形形/副比較級(jí)副比較級(jí)+than+主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)2主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)(sb./sth) + 謂動(dòng)謂動(dòng) +(the) +形形/副最高級(jí)副最高級(jí) +in / of . v 比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)v 常用“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”來(lái)表達(dá)“越來(lái)越 His voice got weaker and weaker. Take some medicine and youll get

44、better and better.v “the+比較級(jí), the+比較級(jí)”來(lái)表達(dá)“越，（就）越” The more clothes you wear, the warmer you will feel.v “the +比較級(jí)+of the two”來(lái)表示“兩個(gè)中最”v 表示兩者中較突出者，且比較級(jí)后又有名詞， 這時(shí)的比較級(jí)前一定要加定冠詞the: Joan is the taller of the two girls.v 7“more A than B”表示“與其說(shuō)是B，不如說(shuō)是A” He is more diligent than clever.v “not+比較級(jí)+than”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“前者不如后者”，表示兩者都具有該形容詞的屬性，但前者不如后者v 而“no+比較級(jí)+than”結(jié)構(gòu)意為“ 和一樣不 ”表示兩個(gè)人都含有與該形容詞相反的屬性His English is not better than mine. 他的英語(yǔ)不如我的英語(yǔ)好。H