綜英第三單元

1、Made By Veraword and phrase 1.afresh 2.anecdote 3.antagonism 4.attribute 5.belittle 6.brain-center 7.bungle pel 9.conceive 10.conversely 11.cowardice 12.cue 13.dispose 14.dogma 15.energetic 16.extend 17.Fogeyism 18.gladiatorial 19.gramophone 20.grudge 21.headhunting 22.improvident 23.inheritance 24.

2、legitimate 25.merit 26.originate 27.recollection 28.staunch 29.stock 30.striking 31.tedious 32.wicked 33.be astonished at 34.meet with 35.rest on/upon 36.bare assertion 37.a shadow of 38.bring up 39.be consistent with 40.the most striking example 41.fit in with 42.a dogmatic statement 43.be on our g

3、uard 44.entertain an opinion 45.in the light of 46.beyond question 47.age-long struggle 48.shake off 49.on the grounds of 50.consist in sth 51.as a rule 52.attribute sth to sb/sth 53.to ones satisfaction 54.belittle the opinion 55.bear a grudge 56.a string of stock anecdotes 57.go to the dogs 58.sta

4、rt sb off 59.on earth 60.in ones term 61.make allowance(s) for 62.think sth out 63.get at sth Dission Tell us some groundless beliefs or opinions you konw? Why do we like or dislike some ideas so passionately? Can we judge or measure a belief according to our personal interest? 1. About the auther A

5、(lfred) E(rnest) Mander Born: 1894 in England, Malvern Nationality: English Occupation: Writer The present text is taken from Logic for the Millions by Alfred Ernest Mander, published by The Philosophical Library, New York,1947.2. Theme of the story: The article is meant to serve as a suggestive exa

6、mple of a curious, inquiring mind at work. The author tells us to find out how we came by our beliefs and he suggests that we should know the bases or grounds of the beliefs.He insists that we see all sides of a question and encourages us to test our beliefs.3. Structure of the text Part 1 (para.1)

7、about: The authors proposition of the general practice of thinking. Part 2 (paras.2-21) about: The authors analysis of five non-rational factors in the determination of peoples opinions. Part 3 (paras.22-25) about: The author encourages readers to discover the facts, to think in a clear, fresh and r

8、ational way till get the truth. Question 1: According to the author, what are the five sources for many of our groundless beliefs? 1. Result of early environment. 2. Parroting 3. Self-interest 4. Sentimental associations 5. Fashion attribute v. 1.to say or believe that sth is the result of a particu

9、lar thing; 認(rèn)為是； 把歸于； 把品質(zhì)歸于某人； 認(rèn)為某事物屬于某人物 2.to regard as the work of a specified agent or creator:認(rèn)為是所為(所寫/所做) e.g. David attributed his companys success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work. a symphony attributed to Mozart n. a quality or feature of sb./sth. 屬性； （人或物的）特征； 價值

10、； e.g. Organizing ability is essential attribute for a good manager. tribju:tbelittle to make sb. or sth. seem unimportant 輕視； 貶低； 使顯得微小 e.g. A poor but honest man is not to be belittled. The size of the office tower belittles the surrounding buildings bltl bungle v. to do sth. badly or without skil

11、l; to fail at sth. 搞糟，完不成； 笨手笨腳地做，拙劣地工作 n. sth. that is done badly and that causes problems 拙劣的工作； 粗制濫造； 失敗 e.g. He bungled the job. a bungled robberybgl compel V 1. to force sb to do sth 強迫，迫使 e.g He was compelled to resign because of the scandle. 2.to cause a certain reaction 引起反應(yīng) e.g His appearan

12、ce on stage compelled the audiences interest. compelling adj,引人入勝的，非常強烈的，令人信服的 kmpel compel, force, constrain, oblige,impel “迫使”compel：較為正式， 指在法律、權(quán)力、力量或行動等的驅(qū)使下被迫而為。尤其用在在權(quán)威人士命令的行為中force： 指用個人意志、權(quán)力、權(quán)威或暴力等，迫使他人改變看法或做本不愿做的事。constrain： 側(cè)重施加約束力或有約束作用的影響，也指環(huán)境對人強加的影響迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等內(nèi)在力量驅(qū)使去做某事。oblige： 指由于生理

13、上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有權(quán)威的人或機構(gòu)迫使某人做某事，還可指在特定情況下被迫作出的反應(yīng)。impel：指受某一強烈的欲望、動機或情緒驅(qū)使而采取行動。conceive to imagine sth.; to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind; to become pregnant with 構(gòu)思； 想像，設(shè)想； 持有；懷孕 conceive of doing/that. 想像，認(rèn)為 e.g. Ancient peoples conceived of the earth as flat. She is unable to conceive

14、. knsi:v dispose V 1.to make sb behave in a particular way 使傾向于，使有益于，使易于 2.to place sb or sth in a suitable way or position 排列，布置，安排 dispose sb to/towards sth 使某人傾向于/有益于/易于做某事 dispose of sb/sth 去掉，消除，銷毀，應(yīng)付，解決，處理 dispose of stolen property 銷贓 dispuzextend ikstend V 1.to cover a certain area, distance

15、 or length of time 涉及（范圍），延伸（距離），延續(xù)（時間） 2. to make sth last for a longer time 延長，使延期 3. to make a business, an opinion, an effect, etc. cover more areas or operate in more places 擴(kuò)大.的范圍（或影響） e.g The forest extends as far as the sea. Could you extend your visit for several days? Our school is extendi

16、ng the range of subjects taught.extend, lengthen, stretch, prolong “伸展，延長”extend： 指時間或空間的延長，也可指影響和使用范圍等的擴(kuò)大。lengthen： 指把長度或期限拉長或延長，其反義是shorten。stretch： 指長度的延伸以及寬度的增加。prolong： 通常指時間上延長得超過了一般或正常的限度。originate V to begin to exist or appear for the first time 引起； 創(chuàng)始，創(chuàng)作； 開始，發(fā)生； 發(fā)明 起源于，來自； 產(chǎn)生； 起航 originate

17、from/in sth. originate from/with sb. : have sb/sth as a cause of beginning or as the creator or author of (sth) e.g. All theories originate from / in practice and in turn serve practice. The optic theory originated with Einstein. originate a new style of dancing ridineit arise, originate, result “起源

18、，源自”。arise：多與from連用，側(cè)重指從無到有的產(chǎn)生，表一種因果關(guān)系。originate：強調(diào)產(chǎn)生變化的起源。result：側(cè)重變化的最終結(jié)果。Groundless Beliefs groundless: a. not based on reason or evidence 無理由的，無根據(jù)的 e.g. Our fears proved groundless. groundlessly ad. 無理由地， 無根據(jù)地 unfounded a. 莫須有的，無端的，沒理由的，不依據(jù)事實的Para1.L1: In future we are going to follow the practi

19、ceuntil it becomes a habitof classifying propositions according to their grounds. ground: (usu. pl.) the foundation/underlying condition for an argument, a belief, or an action; a cause or good reason for sth. e.g. Neither statement can be faulted on the grounds that it is inaccurate. proposition: n

20、. a statement expressing an opinion 觀點，見解，主張 e.g: The proposition is so clear that it needs no explanation. 注意： proposition preposition(介詞) Probably （句子主干）（句子主干）we shall be astonished at the number of propositions met with in everyday life （作定語，修飾（作定語，修飾 proposition）which（引導(dǎo)定語從句）（引導(dǎo)定語從句） we shall fi

21、nd it(形式賓語形式賓語) necessary to class as groundless. （動詞不定式是（動詞不定式是真正的賓語）真正的賓語）to be astonished at; to be surprised at; to be alarmed at; to be amazed at; to be astounded atmet with: encountered; experiencedclass as: classify as to regard as; to describe as; to accept as; to view as; to conceive as; to

22、 recognize asPara1.L4:Para1.L6 They rest upon mere tradition, or on sbs bare assertion unsupported by even a shadow of proofrest upon: to be based on; depend/rely on 基于基于,以以.為為基礎(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)bare assertion: strong statements without the support of proofa shadow of: the slightest trace of 一丁點一丁點,少許少許e.g. A shad

23、ow of a smile touched his mouth. There is not a shadow of justification for your behavior. She knew beyond a shadow of doubt that he was lying. Para2,L3 . and quite uncritically, we accepted and believed it. uncritically: ad. in a way that is unwilling to criticize sb./sth. or to judge whether sb./s

24、th. is right or wrong 不愿批評地,不置可否地,不得罪人地 e.g: He accepted her dicissions uncritically. 同根詞：criticize, v 批評,評論 critical,v 批評的,關(guān)鍵的 criticism, n 批評,評論Para3,L1 But if the staunchest Roman Catholic and the staunchest Presbyterian had been exchanged when (they are 省略形式省略形式)infants, and if they had been bro

25、ught up with home and all other influences reversed(為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語), we can had very little doubt what the result would have been.句中，兩個if 均引導(dǎo)虛擬假設(shè)條件句，對過去的情況進(jìn)行假設(shè)staunch： a. strong and loyal in sb.s opinions and attitude 堅定的,忠實的e.g: He is a staunch Christian.staunchly ad. 堅定地,忠實地 staunchness n.

26、堅定,忠實Para3,L3 It (形式主語形式主語)is consistent with all our knowledge of psychology (句子主干句子主干)to conclude that(引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作conclude的賓語的賓語 )each would have grown up holding exactly the opposite beliefs (作狀語作狀語)to those he holds now(為省略了關(guān)為省略了關(guān)系詞的定語從句系詞的定語從句,修飾修飾those) be consistent with sth. 與.一致: What

27、you say now is consistent with what you said last week. be in agreement/harmony with sth Para3.L7 If (引導(dǎo)虛擬假設(shè)條件句，對過去情況進(jìn)引導(dǎo)虛擬假設(shè)條件句，對過去情況進(jìn)行假設(shè)行假設(shè))we had grown up in a community where(引引導(dǎo)定語從句導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾修飾a community) polygamy or head-hunting, or infanticide, or gladiatorial fighting, or dueling, was regarded

28、 as the normal and natural thingthen we should have grown up to regard it as “obviously” natural and perfectly moral and proper. (本句的句子主干本句的句子主干)polygamy：一夫多妻制：一夫多妻制head-hunting：割取敵人頭顱作為戰(zhàn)利品：割取敵人頭顱作為戰(zhàn)利品infanticide：殺嬰罪：殺嬰罪,殺嬰犯殺嬰犯gladiatorial fighting：角斗士格斗：角斗士格斗dueling：決斗：決斗Para4.L2 .to take only the

29、most striking examples.striking: 1.interesting and unusual enough to draw attention 引人注目的引人注目的,異乎尋常的異乎尋常的,顯著的顯著的 a striking feature 顯著的特征顯著的特征2.very charming, often in an unusual way 嫵媚動人的，嫵媚動人的，標(biāo)致的，俊秀的標(biāo)致的，俊秀的 striking good looks 姣好的面容姣好的面容strike v.罷工罷工,給給.印象印象,碰撞碰撞 strikingly ad.引人注目地引人注目地,嫵媚動人地嫵媚動

30、人地Para4.L5 It is the mere “parroting” of ideas picked up by chance and adopted as our own without question.Para4.L6 But as (引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句)we leave childhood, we tend to accept only such new ideas as (引導(dǎo)定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾修飾new ideas)fit in with the ideas we already hold(省略了關(guān)系詞的定語從句省略了關(guān)系詞的定語從句,修修飾飾the i

31、deas); and all conflicting ideas seem to us “obviously” absurd.tend to: 趨于 Recent laws have tended to give more freedom to the press. fit in with: 與.合得來, 適應(yīng) Do these plans fit in with his arrangements?fit in sb./sth 找到時間見某人找到時間見某人/做某事；找到足夠的做某事；找到足夠的地方；有足夠的空間地方；有足夠的空間The dogma may not be that of any

32、particular individual: it may be a dogmatic statement which has been passed from one person to another ,from generation to generation ,perhaps for hundredsperhaps for thousandsof years.(para5) Dogma :n.教條，信條 Dogmatic: adj.教條的，武斷的 Dogmatically: adv.教條的，武斷的In that case ,it is part of our social inheri

33、tance from some period in the past.(para5) Inheritance : n.1.繼承物（如金錢、財產(chǎn)等）；遺產(chǎn)繼承 He spent all his inheritance in a year. 2.繼承特征；遺產(chǎn) cultural inheritance 文化遺產(chǎn) Inherit v. 繼承；接任 He inherits a lot money from his grandfather. Inheritor n. 繼承人；后繼者But we should fully face the fact that beliefs which are merel

34、y inherited from the past must have originated at a time when man knew much less than they knew today .So the fact that a belief is “ old ” is no argument in its favor.(para5) Originate v. 1.起源；發(fā)源；發(fā)端于 The Spring Festival originated from China. 2.創(chuàng)立；創(chuàng)建；發(fā)明 Who originated this theory? Origin n. 起源；出身 O

35、riginal adj. 起初的；獨創(chuàng)的；原作的 In its favor 對它有利We need especially to be on our guard when we come across propositions which seem to be “obviously” true.(para6) Be on sb.s guard 警惕；提防；警戒 Be on your guardthere are many thieves here. On guard 站崗；執(zhí)勤 Off guard 不警惕；不提防；不警戒 Come across 1.偶然遇見；碰上 2.起作用；被理解；被認(rèn)識 3

36、.給人印象（as） 4.提供；給予（with）When we find ourselves entertaining an opinion about which there is a feeling that even to enquire into it would be absurd, unnecessary , undesirable, or wicked we may know that that opinion is a non-rational one.(para7) Entertain v. 心存，懷有（想法、感覺等） We entertain doubts towards h

37、im because of his unusual behavior. Entertaining adj.使人愉快的；有趣的 Entertainment n. 招待；娛樂 Enquire into sth 調(diào)查；查究；查問 We must enquire further into the matter. When we are tempted to say that any general truth is so “obvious” that it would be absurd even to question it, we should remember that the whole hi

38、story of the development of human thought has been full of cases of such “ obvious truths” breaking down when examined in the light of increasing knowledge and reason.(para8) In( the) light of sth 考慮到；鑒于 In the light of further research, he changes his plan. In the view of sth 鑒于；考慮到more utterly bey

39、ond question than the proposition that slavery was natural, reasonable, necessary, and right. (para8) Beyond question 毫無疑問；毋庸置疑 His honesty is beyond question. Without question out of question 毫無疑問 Out of the question 不可能；不允許；不值得討論 There is no doubt beyond doubt 毫無疑問Again for more than two thousand

40、years, it was “impossible to conceive” the planets as moving in paths other than circles.（para9） 英釋：Furthermore ,for over two thousand years, it was “impossible to think” that the planets moving in paths instead of circles. Conceive v. 想出；（主意；計劃等）；想象；構(gòu)想；設(shè)想 He conceived a new plan very quickly. Conce

41、ivable adj. 可想象的；可信的 Concept n. 概念；觀念 Conception n. 構(gòu)想 The age-long struggle of the greatest intellects in the world to shake off that assumption is one of the marvels of history. （para9） Shake off 擺脫 He went out for a walk to shake off his depression. Get rid of sb.sth. 擺脫；丟棄；扔掉 Be rid of sb.sth. 擺

42、脫Many modern persons find it very difficult to credit the fact that men can even have supposed otherwise.(para10) 英釋：Many modern persons find it very hard to believe the fact that man can ever have thought in a different way. Credit v. 1. 相信（尤指令人驚奇或意外的事物） She has been promotedwould you credit it? 2.

43、把記入貸方 3.把歸于（to） 4.為提供信貸 5.給記學(xué)分（with） Credit n. 信任；可靠性；信譽；聲望；贊揚；榮譽；增光的人；信用；信貸；學(xué)分 That the earth must be flat, formerly seemed so obvious and self-evident that the very suggestion of any other possibility would have beenand wasregarded as a joke.（para11） self-evident 顯而易見的；不言而喻的 It was for two thousan

44、d years “taken for granted” as “obvious” that a heavy weight must fall faster than a light one. An assumed or dogmatic proposition which had been universally accepted as “obvious;” and which, when challenged, was supported by reference to a dogma of Aristotle. （para.12） taken for granted:認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然；對認(rèn)為理

45、所當(dāng)然；對不予重視，不把不予重視，不把當(dāng)回事當(dāng)回事 granted的確，不錯的確，不錯 e.g. Granted, its not the most pleasant of jobs but it has to be done. Granted (that)因為因為Until Galileo actually demonstrated the contrary, nothing could have seemed more beyond possibility or doubt.(para.12) demonstrate: v. .sth. (to sb) 證明，論證；證明，論證；示范，演示示

46、范，演示.表達(dá)，表現(xiàn)，顯露表達(dá)，表現(xiàn)，顯露 .(against sth) 集會示威，游行示威集會示威，游行示威 demonstration n. demonstrate the contrary: to prove that the contrary is true by means of a demonstration beyond possibility or doubt: be impossible or unquestionablePropositions which are accepted blindly, without question on the grounds of me

47、re assumption or dogma, need to be frankly recognized as such. Progress in human thought seems to consist mainly in getting rid of such ideas.(para13) Consist in：to have a basis in; to lie in; to be found in在于，存在于在于，存在于 e.g. Happiness consists in appreciating what you have. Consist of： to be made of

48、 or composed of由由組成或構(gòu)成組成或構(gòu)成 e.g. Their diet consisted largely of vegetablesWe adopt and cling to some beliefs becauseor partly becauseit “pays” us to do so. But, as a rule, the person concerned is about the last person in the world to be able to recognize this in himself.(para.14)as a rule:一般說來，通常一般

49、說來，通常e.g. I go to bed early as a rule.我通常睡得我通常睡得早。早。It would be quite wrong to attribute all opinions-even political opinions-to self-interest.(L.6,para.14)attribute/ascribe sth. to sb. sth.把把歸因歸因于；認(rèn)為于；認(rèn)為是由于是由于Para.15:(Explanation of “self-interest” in its general sense .)But we may extend the term

50、to cover also his interest in social position;(L.2)extend: 涉及涉及(范圍范圍);延伸延伸(距離距離);延續(xù)延續(xù)(時間時間) 延長延長;使延期使延期 擴(kuò)大擴(kuò)大的范圍或影響的范圍或影響extension n.延長延長,擴(kuò)大擴(kuò)大 extendable a.可延伸的可延伸的,可延長的可延長的extend/lengthen/prolong幾個延長的比幾個延長的比較較 There is many a man who is unconsciously compelled to cling to a belief because he is a “s

51、omebody” in some circleand if he were to abandon that belief, he would find himself nobody at all.(L.6)compel: to force sb. to do sth.強迫，迫使強迫，迫使to cause a certain reaction引起反應(yīng)引起反應(yīng)compelling a.引人入勝的，非常強烈的，令人信服引人入勝的，非常強烈的，令人信服的的compel/force/impel/oblige幾個強迫的比較幾個強迫的比較 Para.16 Explanation of “self-inter

52、est” in its broad sense: our attitude toward our opinion.Para17: a similar case: desire to justify (finding excuses)cowardice: n. fear or lack of courage懼怕懼怕;膽小膽小coward：膽小鬼膽小鬼;懦夫懦夫;膽怯者膽怯者cowardly： a. 懦弱的懦弱的;膽小的膽小的to sb.s satisfaction使某人滿意使某人滿意使某人使某人確信或信服確信或信服Para18: Sentimental association (definiti

53、on) And conversely in the case of one who has pleasant recollections of his father, his mother, a teacher perhaps, or some other person who played a big part in his early life.(L.5,para.18)conversely: ad. used when one situation is the opposite of another相反地相反地;反過來反過來conversea. 逆向的逆向的;顛倒的顛倒的;相反的相反的n

54、.相反的事物相反的事物v.交交談?wù)?conversion n.轉(zhuǎn)變轉(zhuǎn)變;改變改變recollection: n. the ability to remember sth；the act of remembering sth記憶力記憶力;回憶回憶;記憶記憶a thing that one remembers from the past往事往事;回憶的事回憶的事recollect v.記起記起;記得記得;回憶起回憶起 Para19: Its influence on peoples thought Antagonism to a man usually produces some antagoni

55、sm to his opinions; antagonism:對立對立/對抗情緒對抗情緒hostility; dislike; resentment What keen satisfaction we find in belittling the opinions, or attacking the opinions, of somebody of whom we are jealous, or of somebody against whom we bear a grudge! (L.3,para.19)belittle: to make seem unimportant 貶低，小貶低，小看

56、看grudge： n.怨恨，嫌隙怨恨，嫌隙 v.勉強做勉強做dispose:排列，布置；使傾向于，使有意于排列，布置；使傾向于，使有意于sb. to/towards sth 使某人傾向于使某人傾向于of sb./sth 去掉，清除，應(yīng)付，處理去掉，清除，應(yīng)付，處理10.how largely our opinions on the 10.how largely our opinions on the meritsmerits of certain authors ,or of certain authors ,or poets or composers ,are poets or compos

57、ers ,are dictateddictated merely by fashion!(para.20,L.2) merely by fashion!(para.20,L.2) 我們在很大程度上贊賞某些作家、詩人或作曲家僅僅取決于時尚。我們在很大程度上贊賞某些作家、詩人或作曲家僅僅取決于時尚。 解析：本句為感嘆句，解析：本句為感嘆句，How + adv.+How + adv.+句子句子 dictate:dictate:vt.口述；口述； 命令，指示；命令，指示； 使聽寫；使聽寫； 控制，支配控制，支配 vi.口述；口述； 命令命令 n.命令；命令； 指示；指示； 指導(dǎo)原則指導(dǎo)原則1. It

58、took him a long time to dictate this letter. 口述這封信花了他很長時間。 2. 2.The films budget dictated a tough schedule. 影片的預(yù)算決定了拍攝進(jìn)度會很緊張。 merit:merit:1.1.良好品質(zhì);價值 The argument seemed to have considerable merit. 這個論點似乎頗有價值。 2. 優(yōu)點;長處;優(yōu)勢 They have been persuaded of the merits of peace. 他們被勸服，認(rèn)識到了和平的好處。 3. 值得;應(yīng)受到 He

59、 said he had done nothing wrong to merit a criminal investigation. 他說自己沒有干壞事，不應(yīng)該受到刑事調(diào)查。 Such ideas merit careful consideration. 這樣的想法值得斟酌。 4.根據(jù)事物本身的情況(來評價 ) Everybody is selected on merit. 每個人都是憑個人才能入選的。11.We tend very strongly to feel and to believe 11.We tend very strongly to feel and to believe a

60、sas others are feeling others are feeling and believing and believing .(para.20,L.4).(para.20,L.4) 我們往往非常強烈滴希望自己與別人具有同樣的感受，相信同樣的觀點。我們往往非常強烈滴希望自己與別人具有同樣的感受，相信同樣的觀點。 解析：解析：asas引導(dǎo)兩個并列句；引導(dǎo)兩個并列句； tendtend： vt.照料，照顧；照料，照顧； 護(hù)理；護(hù)理； 照管，管理照管，管理 vi.傾向（于），趨向（于）；傾向（于），趨向（于）； 伺侯，招待；伺侯，招待； 關(guān)心；關(guān)心； 注意注意 1. VERB 往往會；