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1、北京聯(lián)合大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文原文及譯文題目: 浦發(fā)銀行核心競爭力研究 專業(yè): 金融學(xué) 指導(dǎo)教師:劉迎春 學(xué)院: 商務(wù)學(xué)院 學(xué)號: 2012030403041 班級: 金融1202S 姓名:方楊陽 一、外文原文What Drives the Persistent Competitiveness of Small BankBill Bassett, Tom Brady.Finance and Economics Discussion Series (Vol.5 2002), 24-30The decline in the real value
2、;of deposit insurance, however, is only one of several trends in the financial industry that could have weakened the competitiveness of small banks in recent years. Among
3、 these other developments have been the return to health of large banknumerousmergers that have increased the size and scope of large banks, and the continued increase
4、60;in competition from mutual funds and other nonbank financial companies. Mergers and acquisitions have reduced the number of banks in the United States from mor
5、e than 14,000 in 1985 to about 8,300 at the end of 2000, and during this time the share of domestic banking assets held by the largest 100 banks rose
6、from about half to almost three-fourths (Chart2). Studies of consolidation in the banking industry and of its impact on small bank competitiveness have reached differing
7、;conclusions. However, consolidation interacts with the decline in the real value of deposit insurance to create another potentially adverse impact on the competitiveness of small&
8、#160;banks. The creation of “mega-banks” increases the possibility that depositors would consider these larger banks to be “too big to fail” (TBTF), which would implicitly
9、60;confer a greater level of deposit insurance upon large bank customers than those of small banks. Smaller banks contend that an increase in the nominal value of de
10、posit insurance is needed to help offset this perception of a TBTF policy (Independent Community Bankers Association 2000). The evolution of large, complex banking organizations
11、60;has led federal bank regulators to warn that these institutions create the potential for unusually large systemic risks to the national and international economies should t
12、hey fail (Greenspan 1999). However, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA) circumscribed regulators ability to invoke TBTF. It required that the
13、 FDIC pursue the resolution method that poses the least cost to its insurance fund when dealing with a failed bank, and stipulated that exceptions to the “l(fā)eastcost”
14、 method must garner the approval of super majorities of both the Federal Reserve and FDIC boards plus that of the Secretary of the Treasury in consultation with
15、;the President of the United States. Angbazo and Saunders 1997 found the cost of funds to large banks increased after FDICIA was implemented, suggesting that bank credito
16、rs believed that FDICIA reduced the likelihood of a large bank benefiting from a TBTF policy. Moreover, bank regulatory agencies maintain that no bank is too large f
17、or shareholders and nondeposit liability holders to face complete loss, and for uninsured depositors to be subject to less than 100 percent reimbursement, should the decline
18、160;in bank asset values be large enough (Greenspan 2001).推薦精選In addition to the consolidation of the banking system, the continued growth of nonbank financial institutions may
19、0;have weakened the competitive situation of small relative to large banks in recent years (D'Arista and Schlesinger 1993). Although savings and loan associations, creditunions,
20、0;mutual funds and finance companies compete with banks of all sizes, they likely pose a greater competitive challenge to smaller banks. In addition to being more depende
21、nt on deposit funding than the larger banks, small banks also tend to be more concentrated than large banks in the types of loans extended by finance companies
22、(Dynan, Johnson, and Slowinski 2002). Over the period studied, however, an outright decline in thrift industry assets offset the added competition from other types of nonbank&
23、#160;financial companies, particularly money market mutual funds. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the competitive position of small banks likely was boosted as a result
24、0;of the more severe deterioration in asset quality at large banks, and the wider gap at large banks between actual capital levels and those being demanded by market
25、s and the new Basle accord (Chart 3). However, the subsequent economic recovery and brisk expansion of the second half of the 1990s caused delinquency rates to drop&
26、#160;dramatically, particularly at large banks. At the same time, the gap between the leverage ratios small banks and large banks also narrowed noticeably, as large banks
27、;boosted their capital following the implementation of the Basle Accords in 1991. Despite the aforementioned headwinds affecting small banks competitiveness, Bassett and Brady 2001
28、;found that small banks have grown more rapidly than larger banks over the period from 1985 to 2000. Moreover, they showed that small banks have largely maintained o
29、r even increased their levels of profitability throughout much of the period studied, despite paying increasingly large premiums on their deposits relative to large banks in
30、160;order to fund their more rapid asset expansion. The purpose of this study is to extend this research by more formally examining the differential impact of the in
31、fluences mentioned above on the competitive performance of small banks over the period推薦精選 from the mid-1980s to 2001. First, we employ an arbitrage model to examine the&
32、#160;relationship between relative average interest rates on deposits at small and large banks, the level of deposit insurance, bank failure rates, and perceptions about TBTF.
33、;The model demonstrates that the sensitivity of relative deposit rates to the level of deposit insurance or views about the importance of TBTF is quite low when bank
34、 failure rates are low, as they have been in recent years. We then present econometric evidence suggesting that the rising relative cost of deposits at small banks
35、160;vis-à-vis large banks over the past decade largely reflects small banks need to attract funding to sustain their aggressive and profitable asset expansion. The share
36、of uninsured deposits, which has risen as the real value of deposit insurance has declined, and a marked improvement in the balance sheet health of large banks durin
37、g the 1990s played somewhat smaller roles in boosting deposit rates at small banks.The next section describes the data used in the article and identifies some key ba
38、lance sheet differences between large and small banks. Section III illustrates that small banks have been able to grow faster than large banks by offering better deposit&
39、#160;rates and that the premium they pay has been rising over time. Section IV presents an arbitrage model of deposit pricing at large and small banks that incorpora
40、tes deposit insurance and “Too Big To Fail” effects. Section V presents regression estimates from a reduced form model of deposit rate determination at large and small
41、60;banks. Conclusions are presented in section VI. II. Data and Summary Statistics Except where otherwise indicated, data in this paper are from the
42、quarterly Reports of Condition and Income (Call Reports) for the domestic offices of insured domestically chartered commercial banks and nondeposit trust companies (hereafter, banks).
43、160;In this article, large banks are those ranked 1 through 100 based on assets at the start of each quarter. Small banks are those ranked outside of the larges
44、t 1,000. At the start of the fourth quarter of 2000, large banks had assets of at least $6.94 billion, while all small banks had assets of less than $331
45、160;million. A. Key balance sheet differences between small and large banks. Small banks rely considerably more on deposits than do large banks. In particu
46、lar, small time deposits (those issued in amounts of less than $100,000) funded almost 30 percent of loans and other assets at small banks in 2000, while at lar
47、ge banks the share推薦精選 was 10 percent (Table 1). The share of small banks' assets funded with large time deposits, 13 percent, also exceeds that at large b
48、anks, 8 percent. Other interest-bearing deposits, which consist of savings and transactions accounts, also were somewhat more important funding vehicles at small banks, while nonin
49、terest-bearing deposits funded comparable shares of small and large banks' assets in 2000. Large banks funded about one-third of their assets with "other" nondeposit
50、liabilities in 2000,whereas at small banks the share was just 3 percent. Small banks availed themselves somewhat more of FHLB advances, although these represent a fairly
51、small share of liabilities at both groups of banks. Equity also funded a larger share of assets at small than at large banks, 10.3 percent and 8 percent respect
52、ively. Reliance on deposits changed little between 1987 and 1992, but both bank groups shifted toward nondeposit liabilities and capital as sources of funding dur
53、ing the 1990s. Between 1992 and 2000, deposits as a share of assets fell about 4 percentage points at small banks and 10 percentage points at large banks. For
54、160;both bank groups, "other interest-bearing deposits" was the deposit category that fell most in the 1990s, although at large banks “non-interest-bearing deposits” declined
55、almost as much. Small time deposits (which are fully insured) declined by similar amounts at both bank groups, a drop probably reflecting the increased popularity of alte
56、rnative household investment vehicles such as mutual funds. However, the share of assets funded by large time deposits actually increased at both bank groups, with a larg
57、er increase posted at small banks. At small banks, the type and average size of large deposit accounts (all those of at least $100,000) are notably diff
58、erent from those at large banks (table 1, memo). At large banks, only about 30 percent of such balances were held as large time deposits in 2000; the remaining&
59、#160;70 percent were in transaction and savings accounts. At small banks, large balances are split about evenly between large time and other deposits. The average size of
60、 large deposits at large banks in 2000 was $425,000, and at small banks it was $229,000; however, over the 1990s the average size declined at large banks and
61、60;rose at about the rate of inflation at small banks. B. Growth patterns for large and small banks. As noted, the mergers that have been the vehi
62、cle of consolidation typically have involved the acquisition of smaller banks by much larger banks. This, of course, boosts measured growth of large banks and diminishes
63、that of small banks. To account for this in examining the balance sheet growth and profitability of small vis-à-vis large banks, we merger-adjust data from the quart
64、erly Reports of Condition and Income, filed by all federally insured commercial banks. 推薦精選Balance sheet data adjusted for mergers show that small banks generally have grown
65、160;faster than either medium-sized or large banks over the past fifteen years (chart 4, top panel). Indeed, in every year, the growth of assets has been significantly
66、60;faster at small banks than at large banks. Of course, banks securitize and sell a significant portion of the consumer and real estate loans that they originate an
67、d thereby move them off their balance sheets. But data available since 1997 indicate that restoring securitized credit card loans to large banks' balance sheets would
68、;notnarrow the difference in growth rates significantly. Of course, adding securitized assets to the balance sheet for purposes of comparison presumes that the securitizing bank
69、60;still would have chosen to originate the loans even if the opportunity to securitize was not available.In addition, an average of about 350 new, or "de novo,"
70、; banks were formed each year during the 1997-2000 period, compared with about 150 per year during the preceding four years. Although de novo banks tend to gro
71、w rapidly, the growth rate of all small banks is not significantly affected if de novo banks are excluded from the calculation. Moreover, the accelerated pace of
72、60;entry into a fast growing sector provides substantial evidence of the attractiveness of small banks to investors. As suggested by the relative rates of merger-adjusted asse
73、t growth, the expansion of total deposits at small banks has also exceeded the growth rate at large banks in every year since 1985, after adjusting for mergers
74、(chart 4, middle panel). Uninsured deposits also grew significantly faster at small banks than at large banks (chart 4, bottom panel). Furthermore, the growth rate of uni
75、nsured deposits at small banks has been high and steadily increasing during the second half of the past decade, whereas at larger banks the growth of these liabiliti
76、es shows no trend. However, the growth of assets tended to exceed that of deposits, as the use of nondeposit liabilities grew for all bank size groups. 二、譯文是什
77、么推動中小銀行的持久性競爭力Bill Bassett, Tom Brady.推薦精選財(cái)經(jīng)討論系列 (2002年第5期), 24-30在金融行業(yè),存款保險的實(shí)際價值下降,削弱了一些小銀行競爭力,成為近年來的趨勢之一。在其他方面,有許多通過并購健康增長的大規(guī)模影響范圍廣的銀行,從共同基金和其他非銀行金融公司的競爭中獲得不斷增加的回報(bào)。 與1985年14000多個銀行相比,2000年底的通過兼并和收購,銀行數(shù)量已經(jīng)減少到8300多個。在此期間,國內(nèi)銀行由最大的100家銀行持有的資產(chǎn)的份額上升到近四分之三(圖2)。綜合研究銀行業(yè)和其對小銀行競爭力的影響已達(dá)到不同的結(jié)論。但是,鞏固交互中的存款
78、保險的實(shí)際價值下降,導(dǎo)致了另一個對小銀行的競爭力可能造成的不良影響。對“超級銀行“創(chuàng)造的可能性,增加存款的客戶會考慮將這些大銀行“太大而不能倒“(TBTF),這將隱式授予后的存款比小銀行的大銀行客戶的保險更高水平。規(guī)模較小的銀行聲稱,在存款保險的名義價值增加需要幫助抵消了TBTF政策的看法(獨(dú)立社區(qū)銀行家協(xié)會2000)。 大型、復(fù)雜的銀行組織演變,導(dǎo)致聯(lián)邦銀行監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)警告說,對于國家和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)來說,這些機(jī)構(gòu)創(chuàng)造了非常大的系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險,一旦他們失?。ǜ窳炙古?999)。然而,聯(lián)邦存款保險公司1991年的改進(jìn)法(FDICIA)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的能力援引TBTF。它要求聯(lián)邦存款保險公司追求的決議方法
79、,銀行交易以最少的成本構(gòu)成其保險基金與失敗時,并規(guī)定了“最低成本“的方法,必須爭取超級多數(shù)聯(lián)邦儲備委員會和聯(lián)邦存款保險公司的批準(zhǔn),該庫務(wù)司在與總統(tǒng)協(xié)商美國。FDICIA實(shí)施,這意味著債權(quán)銀行認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)DICIA減少了一大,從一TBTF政策受益銀行的可能性。此外,銀行監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為,沒有銀行股東和非存款債權(quán)持有人要面對完全的損失,未保險存款人受不到百分之百報(bào)銷,應(yīng)在銀行資產(chǎn)價值下降必須足夠大(格林斯潘2001)。 對于大型銀行來說,除了銀行制度的鞏固之外,近來年非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)增長可能削弱了相對競爭的局面(德阿里斯塔和施萊辛格1993)。雖然儲蓄和貸款協(xié)會,信貸工會,共同基金和財(cái)務(wù)公司競支持所有規(guī)模的銀行,規(guī)模較小的銀行可能造成更大的競爭挑戰(zhàn)。與大銀行相比,除了對更多的存款的資金依賴,小銀行也往往比大銀行集中在金融公司
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