初三基礎(chǔ)知識梳理名詞

1、初三基礎(chǔ)知識梳理第一部分 詞 法第一章 名 詞（noun）【基本知識】一、 名詞的定義表示某樣?xùn)|西、某個人、某種物體的名字的詞被稱為名詞。二、 名詞的功能名詞在句中主要作主語、賓語和表語；有時也可用作賓補、同位語、定語或狀語。1. 作主語my mother likes watching tv.the book is very dull.2. 作表語my father is an engineer.beijing is the capital of china.3. 作賓語（1）作賓語i like english.have you finished your homework?（2）作間接、直接

2、賓語mr. smith sent me a letter.edison asked his mother a lot of questions.（3）作介詞賓語the students are talking about the problem.tim was busy with the homework this time yesterday.4. 作賓語補足語we call him michael.we made him our monitor.5. 作主語補足語the baby was named alice. bush was elected president again.6. 作同

3、位語tim, my best friend, has seen the film.7. 作定語this is my english teacher. there is going to be a sports meeting next monday.8. 作狀語wait a minute, please.he is late for school today.三、 名詞的分類名詞可以分為專有名詞（proper nouns）和普通名詞 (common nouns）。專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如beijing，china等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：b

4、ook，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：個體名詞（individual nouns）、集體名詞（collective nouns）、物質(zhì)名詞（material nouns）、抽象名詞（abstract nouns）1. 可數(shù)名詞：個體名詞、集體名詞，可以用數(shù)目來計算。（1）個體名詞：表示某類人或事物的名稱。student cat house factory（2）集體名詞：表示一群人或若干個個體組成的集合的總稱。people class family team clothes2. 不可數(shù)名詞：物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞，一般無法用數(shù)目計算。（1）物質(zhì)名詞：指構(gòu)成各種物體的、表示無法分為個體的

5、實物。cotton water chalk air juice（2）抽象名詞：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念的詞。love health news information advice weather fun pollution3. 部分名詞可作可數(shù)名詞，也可作不可數(shù)名詞，但意思有所不同。不可數(shù)可數(shù)work工作works 著作glass玻璃glasses 玻璃杯、眼鏡wood木材woods 森林paper紙papers 文件、論文fish魚肉fish(es) （各種）魚coffee咖啡two coffees 兩杯咖啡mr. green格林先生the green 格林一家四、 名詞的數(shù)1.

6、 可數(shù)名詞（分單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)a magazinemagazinesan auntauntsa universityuniversitiesan hourhours2. 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成（1）coincoins monthmonths beebees（2）classclasses boxboxes brushbrushes churchchurches（3）potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes mangomangoes(比較：photophotos radioradios zoozoos kilokilos)（4）citycities batterybatte

7、ries factoryfactories（5）shelfshelves knifeknives wifewives scarfscarves (scarfs)(比較：roofroofs chiefchiefs)（6）manmen womanwomen businesswomanbusinesswomen（7）footfeet toothteeth goosegeese（8）childchildren mousemice （9）sheepsheep chinesechinese deerdeer3. 可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量的表示a pair of jean, a group of people, (a

8、) few relatives, a couple of days, some computers, a lot of / lots of companies, a large number of passengers, one of the top students, many places / times, hundreds of / thousands of years4. 不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量的表示a bottle of / two bottles of water, (a) little food, some work, a lot of / lots of news, plenty o

9、f milk, huge amounts of information, much money / time五、 名詞的所有格1. 以s構(gòu)成的所有格（1）有生命的名詞alices birthday, edisons mother, marys childhood, pigs heart, birds nest, the teachers office, mens clothes（2）表示時間、距離、量度、國家、城市、地區(qū)等名詞childrens day, twenty minutes walk, new years day, womens day, todays news, chinas china, shanghais population, （3）世界上獨一無二的名詞the worlds biggest problem, the suns heat（比較： mary and joans books, marys and joans books）2. 以of構(gòu)成的所有格the front gate of the city hall, a picture of my family, the leg of the table, one of the actresses六、 名詞的性1. actoractress, waiterwaitress, hosthoste