第13講 定語從句的翻譯

1、第13講 定語從句的譯法Modern scientists have discovered that energy may be created from matter and that matter, in turn, may be created from energy.現(xiàn)代科學家發(fā)現(xiàn), 物質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生能, 能可以產(chǎn)生物質(zhì)。反賓為主，變主為賓He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of him self as an “Independent”.所有人都把他看作共和黨人, 盡

2、管他一直認為自己是“無黨派人士”。譯成“把”字句New high-tech achievements have been applied to agricultural production.高新科技的成果已應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。暗含被動意義Although the dreams of seeing and hearing things from far away was made by human beings several thousand years ago, such dreams came into reality in modern times.雖然“千里眼”和“順風耳”是人類幾千年前

3、所夢想的, 但直到現(xiàn)代社會才夢想成真。以主動表被動To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.要發(fā)展經(jīng)濟應(yīng)當組織使用各種各樣的人才。對那些真正有本事的人, 在級別、工資上可以破格提高。譯為無主句It is generally agreed that organizations with effective managers will likely be

4、 successful, whereas organizations with poor managers will likely fail.人們普遍認為，擁有高效勝任的管理人員，公司成功的可能性更大，而管理人員能力低下的公司則大多會失敗。增譯主語理論探討例句分析鞏固練習翻譯賞析什么叫做定語從句？Attributive Clauses定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性（名詞或代詞）成分，相當于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。關(guān)系詞有哪些？引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, w

5、hich, who, whom, whose, as等，絕對沒有what；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句。代替先行詞。在定語從句中擔當一個成分。定語從句的分類？限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句如何區(qū)別限制性和非限制性？The man who came here yesterday has come again.My sister, who is twenty, works in a bank.限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少定語， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句關(guān)系十分密切， 寫時不用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句和主句關(guān)

6、系不很密切，只是對先行詞作些附加說明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句， 寫時往往逗號分開。英語定語從句漢譯有哪些技巧？限制性定語從句：前置法、后置法、融合法非限制性定語從句：前置法、后置法、兼有狀語職能的定語從句1. 前置法：把英語限制性定語從句譯成帶“的”的定語詞組，放在被修飾詞之前，從而將復(fù)合句譯成漢語單句。The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下工作的人對他怕得要死。He who doesnt want to be a general isnt a good soldier.不想當將軍的士兵不是

7、好士兵。Guilin is a place where there are gorgeous mountains and rivers.桂林是個有山有水的地方。前置定語一般用于比較簡單的英語定語從句2. 后置法：如果從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，譯成漢語前置定語顯得太長而不符合漢語表達習慣時，往往可以譯成后置的并列分句。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他們

8、正在為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。重復(fù)先行詞China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996.中日兩國最終就農(nóng)業(yè)問題達成了協(xié)議，而農(nóng)業(yè)問題自一九九六年起就是兩國關(guān)系發(fā)展的主要障礙。I met an old man last year who was once regarded as the best master of

9、 Chinese painting.我去年遇到一位老人，這位老人曾經(jīng)被認為是中國頂尖的國畫大師。He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然種出了兩百個奇跡般的西紅柿，每個重達兩磅。省略先行詞I gave him a gift which he didnt see at all.我送了他一份禮物，他竟然看都沒看。They worked out a new method by which efficiency has now been dramatically i

10、mproved.他們制訂出一種新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。3. 融合法：是指把原句的主語和定語從句融合在一起譯成一個獨立句子的一種翻譯方法。由于限制性定于從句與主句關(guān)系緊密，所以融合法比較適用于翻譯限制性定語從句。There are many people who want to see the film.許多人要看這部電影。定語從句的主句里有“there be”、“to be”等詞時，可以把原句中的主語和定語從句融合在一起，譯成簡單句。 There are some students in the class who dislike studying.在班上總有一些學生不愛學習。Thi

11、s is the very knife which he used to murder the victim.他就是用這把刀謀殺了受害人?！癢e are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.一位外國經(jīng)濟學家說道：“我們這個國家不討飯就活不下去?！倍ㄕZ從句的動詞在整個復(fù)合句中分量較重，可將其主句壓縮成詞組譯作主語，而把定語從句的動詞譯作其謂語。 “The best way (that) to play basketball well is to take it easy and enjoy it,” sa

12、id an American basketball player.一位美國的籃球運動員曾說過：“要想打好籃球，最好的辦法就是享受籃球?！盚e had great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.他在足球領(lǐng)域取得的成就使他成為每一個足球運動員的偶像。He is not the one who will give up easily.他不是一個輕易服輸?shù)娜?。He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from

13、those who have an independent income.他發(fā)出了同情之聲，這種同情聲是那些有獨立收入的人最容易脫口而出的。He was the writer who was moving into operational activities.他是個作家，正在從事實際活動。This is the paper mill that they set up in 1978.這個造紙廠是他們在1978年建造的。As far as I can see this autumn hazeThat spreading in the evening air both ways,Makes th

14、e new moon look anything but new,And pours the elm-tree meadow full of blue,Is all the smoke from one poor house alone.From The CocoonThe Cocoon by Robert Frost就我所見，這秋日傍晚的陰霾，這正在以兩種方式蔓延的陰霾，這使新月顯得不像新月的迷霧，這使榆樹變成藍草顏色的迷霧，全都是那座破房子冒出的濃煙節(jié)選自弗羅斯特的繭 1. 前置法：一些較短而具有描寫性的英語非限制性的定語從句，也可譯成帶“的”的前置定語，放在被修飾詞前面；但這種處理方法不

15、如用在英語限制性定語從句那樣普遍。But Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但密格爾的富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉默。John, who has grey hair, is believed to be one of the most attractive figure.滿頭銀發(fā)的約翰被認為是最有吸引力的人物之一。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in medical research, have acquired a greater accomplis

16、hment in this respect.你們的先輩在天文學研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你們現(xiàn)在則在這一方面獲得了更大的成就。2. 后置法：譯成并列分句；譯成獨立句1. 在譯文中把原文從句后置，重復(fù)英語關(guān)系代詞所代表的含義。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。2. 在譯文中從句后置，省略英語關(guān)系詞所代表的含義。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into

17、the night.飯后，四個主要談判人物繼續(xù)進行會談，一直談到深夜。3. 在譯文中從句前置，重復(fù)英語關(guān)系詞所代表的含義。The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flowers) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.這些花以前一直都被這些人漫不經(jīng)心地踩在腳下，現(xiàn)在他們突然意識到這些小玩意兒的美麗和意義了。He had talked to Vice-P

18、resident Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副總統(tǒng)尼克松談過話。副總統(tǒng)向他擔保，凡是能夠做到的都將竭盡全力去做。I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.我遇到了一個問題。當我就要出席會議時，這個問題越發(fā)明顯了。3. 兼有狀語職能的定語從句：英語中有些定語從句，兼有狀語從句的職能，在意義上與主句有狀語關(guān)系，說明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系。翻

19、譯時應(yīng)善于從原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系，然后譯成漢語各種相應(yīng)的偏正復(fù)句。The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.大使只宴請了幾個人，因為他特別想和這些人談?wù)?，聽聽他們的意見。No one in the company likes their boss, who is stingy and bad-tempered.公司里沒人喜歡他們的老板，因為他很人小氣脾氣又很暴躁。There was something origin

20、al, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.這個方案富于創(chuàng)造性，獨出心裁，很有魄力，所以他們都很喜歡。The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further communication.兩國正式建立了外交關(guān)系，從而為雙方進一步的交流鋪平了道路。He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.他堅持要

21、再造一幢房子，盡管他并無此需要。My father, who thought it might not work, supported me.盡管父親認為這個辦法可能不會起作用，但還是支持我。 The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands.帝國主義國家維持了龐大的陸海軍，用以壓迫和剝削遙遠的他國人們。This company, which wants to ge

22、t their new product sold well in the market, is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship.為了使新產(chǎn)品在市場熱銷，這個公司正在全力改進外包裝和工藝。Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它有助養(yǎng)活一家人就行。A new product which has beautiful packing, good q

23、uality and advertising may very likely be a hit in market.一種新產(chǎn)品，只要包裝精美，質(zhì)量過硬，宣傳得力，就能在市場中熱銷。Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution.昨晚我看了一部關(guān)于法國革命的精彩電影。I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary.我知道約翰準會去告訴他的媽媽，她媽媽多半又會說給瑪麗聽。He said that this was

24、 a good suggestion, which he would look into.他說這是個很好的建議，一定要加以研究。Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.不過問題還是圓滿地解決了。這說明計算很精確。Book Name: Vanity FairVanity FairAuthor: Thackeray, W.M. 是英國十九世紀小說家薩克雷的成名作品，也是他生平著作里最經(jīng)得起時間考驗的杰作。是英國較著名的諷刺性批判現(xiàn)實主義小說。

25、故事取材于很熱鬧的英國十九世紀中上層社會。當時國家強盛，工商業(yè)發(fā)達，由榨壓殖民地或剝削勞工而發(fā)財?shù)母簧檀筚Z正主宰著這個社會，英法兩國爭權(quán)的戰(zhàn)爭也在這時響起了炮聲。中上層社會各式各等人物，都忙著爭權(quán)奪位，爭名求利，所謂“天下攘攘，皆為利往，天下熙熙，皆為利來”，名利、權(quán)勢、利祿，原是相連相通的。 故事主角Rebecca嘗過貧窮的滋味，一心要掌握自己的命運，擺脫困境。她不擇手段，憑諂媚奉承、走小道兒鉆后門，飛上高枝。作為陪襯的人物是她同窗女友、一個富商的女兒Amelia。她懦弱溫柔，馴順地隨命運播弄。從貧賤進入富裕的道路很不平穩(wěn)！富家女的運途亦多坎坷，兩人此起彼落的遭遇，構(gòu)成一個引人關(guān)懷又動人情感

26、的故事。穿插的人物形形色色，都神情畢肖?！叭绻矣?000英磅，我也會是一個好女人?！泵麍隼锏睦砑尤缡钦f。 作者薩克雷在小說中栩栩如生地勾勒出一幅現(xiàn)實中的名利場的畫面，把生活中爾虞我詐、欺騙背叛、勢利虛榮等丑惡行徑表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。作者最后寫道：“啊!虛榮中的虛榮!在這世界上我們又有誰是幸福的呢?我們又有誰如愿以償了呢?而就算如此，又有誰滿足了呢?” Happy the man who wins her！誰娶了她真有福氣！限制性定語從句中的條件意味表現(xiàn)得既含蓄又充分，“誰”一方面明確了條件意義，另一方面又亮出了說話者的口氣。As for Mr. Sedleys jokes, Rebecca

27、laughed at them with a cordiality and perseverance which not a little pleased and softened that good-natured gentleman.每逢賽特笠先生說笑話，利蓓加便笑個不停，好像從心里樂出來，（因此）好性子的老先生不由得又得意又歡喜。楊之譯文不在表層結(jié)構(gòu)的困難上斟酌詞句，而是著眼于這一從句在話語種的地位和說話者的意圖，打亂原句結(jié)構(gòu)，將含有結(jié)果意味的部分處理成一個單獨的小句，置于句尾突出地位。同時，又以賽特笠先生為句題，以關(guān)于同一人物的譯述為結(jié)尾，進而與下文銜接，顯得十分明晰舒展。She begged the old gentleman to give the money to dear Rebecca, who must want it, which she lacked for nothing.愛米麗亞求他把這錢送給利蓓加，因為她自己什么都有，（而）利蓓加才真正需要！該非限制性定語從句中有表示某種原因的意味。翻譯時相應(yīng)增詞成“因為”，明確表達深層結(jié)構(gòu)上的隱意。and the name of Figs, which had been a byword （代號）of reproach, became as respectable and popular a nicknam