動(dòng)名詞的用法

1、動(dòng)名詞定義：動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式， 兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征， 它可以帶賓語(yǔ)，也能被狀語(yǔ)修飾。 動(dòng)名詞接賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化?；拘问剑?由動(dòng)詞原形家詞尾 -ing 構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同。動(dòng)名詞已經(jīng)名詞化了，而現(xiàn)在分詞常表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如： a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅（動(dòng)名詞，表用途） a sleeping child 正在睡覺(jué)的孩子（現(xiàn)在分詞，表狀態(tài)）一、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。1、作主語(yǔ)1） 直接位于句首做主語(yǔ)。Reading is an art.讀書是一種藝術(shù)。Climbing

2、 mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering在.這種工作條件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。注意：動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞 (真實(shí)主語(yǔ) )置于句尾作后置主語(yǔ)。It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us勸.說(shuō)這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It

3、was hard getting on the crowded street car上.這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用，常用句型：It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure + v.ing注意：important，essential，necessary等形容詞后面不用動(dòng)名詞（常用不定式）。3） 用于 “ There

4、be結(jié)”構(gòu)中。There is no saying when he'll come很.難說(shuō)他何時(shí)回來(lái)。There is no joking about such matters對(duì).這種事情不是開(kāi)玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history.歷史的車輪不可阻擋。常用句型： There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do注意：在 “There be句”型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語(yǔ)。4） 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (

5、here) ). 禁止吸煙。No parking. 禁止停車。5） 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可以在前面加上一個(gè)物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語(yǔ)。例如：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.他們前來(lái)幫忙對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是極大的鼓舞。Lao Li?s going there won?t be ofmuch help.老李去不會(huì)有多大幫助。2、作賓語(yǔ)（ 1）作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不能用不定式。常見(jiàn)的此類動(dòng)詞有： advise,

6、suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone(推遲 )， deny(否認(rèn) ), appreciate (欣賞，感激 ), escape, excuse, pardon, can?t stand, put off, give up 等。如：Would you mind opening the window?吧窗戶打開(kāi)好嗎？She suggested

7、going to the Great Wall for the spring outing她.建議去長(zhǎng)城春游。Seeing the picture, he couldn?t help laughing看.了這幅畫，他禁不住大笑起來(lái)。Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時(shí)，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。在下面這種結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）做賓語(yǔ)： find/think/consider（+形it式賓語(yǔ)） + no use/no good/useless.

8、ing+v（真正賓語(yǔ)） .I found it pleasant walking along the seashore在.海灘上走真是樂(lè)事。Do you consider it any good trying again?你認(rèn)為再試一次有好處嗎？* 形容詞 worth 后也可接動(dòng)名詞，作為復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)。The music is well worth listening to more than once.這種曲子很值得多聽(tīng)?zhēng)妆椤＃?2）作介詞的賓語(yǔ)* 能接動(dòng)名詞的短語(yǔ)有： think of/about, dream of/about, hear of,prevent/keep/stop fr

9、om , dependseton,about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out,insist on, be/get used to, devote to , look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend (in), feel like, prefer eadto of, instcase of等等。We are thinking o

10、f making a new plan for the next term.我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?我們休息呢還是開(kāi)始干活？ Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time.安好久以來(lái)就盼望著來(lái)中國(guó)。* 在下面的結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞 in 常可省略：（ 1） S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time

11、+ (in) +v.ing（ 2） S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing（ 3） S + be busy + (in) +V.ing（ 4） S + lose no time + (in) +V.ing （立即 ）We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet我.們正為馬上到來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English?要聽(tīng)懂英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)你有困難嗎？3、作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)常是表示無(wú)生命的事物的名詞或w

12、hat 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。 (Cleaning the windows isyour task.)What I hate most is being laughed at我.最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。(Being laughedat is what I hate most.)4、作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is us

13、ed for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readingsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping二、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名

14、詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us.他來(lái)幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。(=That shecame to help encouraged all of us.)Jane?s being careless caused so much trouble簡(jiǎn).的粗心惹來(lái)了不少麻煩。(=ThatJane was careless caused so much trouble.)What?s troub

15、ling them is their not having enough food.煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=What?s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口語(yǔ)中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來(lái)代替，但在句首作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能這樣來(lái)代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎？The father insisted on his son?s/his son going to college爸.爸堅(jiān)決要求兒子上

16、大學(xué)。Mary?s (不可用 Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。His (不可用 Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。例： I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.A you to call B you call C you calling D you?re calling（Key：C；換成 your calling 也對(duì)）在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語(yǔ)：a.無(wú)命名詞The baby was ma

17、de awake by the door suddenly shutting這.個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒。b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing?你聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)婦女練拳擊嗎？c. 兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this?你記得你父母和我都告訴過(guò)你這事嗎？三、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)如下：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done（一）時(shí)態(tài)1

18、、動(dòng)名詞一般式：表示的動(dòng)作通常是一般性動(dòng)作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作，或是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說(shuō)話。Being careless is not a good habit粗.心不是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。2、動(dòng)名詞的完成式：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。I don?t remember having met him before我.記不得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。He denie

19、d having taken any money from the cash register他.否認(rèn)從現(xiàn)金出納機(jī)里拿了錢。（二）語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。（ 1）它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其后發(fā)生。如：I don?t like being laughed at in public.在公共場(chǎng)合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。He came in without being asked.沒(méi)有誰(shuí)請(qǐng)他進(jìn)來(lái)他自己進(jìn)來(lái)了。（ 2）它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been h

20、onoured with a medal我.很高興你能獲得這樣的獎(jiǎng)牌。（ 3）在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：Excuse me for being late.我來(lái)晚了請(qǐng)你原諒。I don?t remember evermeeting somewhere.我記不得原來(lái)在什么地方見(jiàn)過(guò)。Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。（ 4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中。如：I forget once bein

21、g taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo我.曾被帶到過(guò)這個(gè)動(dòng)物園，可我忘了。四、動(dòng)名詞的否定式： not + V.ingI regret not being able to help you.我很抱歉不能幫助你。I apologize for not having waited for you. 沒(méi)有等你，我向你表示歉意。五、動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式的區(qū)別：1. 作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)：動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語(yǔ)， 在意義上相近， 但動(dòng)名詞多用來(lái)表示泛指的抽象的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作； 不定式多用來(lái)表示特指或具體的動(dòng)作， 特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。比較：Smokin

22、g is not good for health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.My job is teaching English.Our task now is to increase food production.我們現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是增加糧食產(chǎn)量。2. 在 like, hate, prefer 等動(dòng)詞后：如果表示一般傾向， 多用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)； 如指特定的或具體的某次行為，用不定式更多一些。I like reading books in my spare time.I like to read that book.They prefer wa

23、lking to cycling.He prefers to stay at home today.3. 有些動(dòng)詞后即可用動(dòng)名詞也可以不定式做賓語(yǔ) （如 like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等）。有時(shí)區(qū)別不大，如：Let?s continue working/to work.When did you begin learning/to learn English?但有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間含義不同，如remember, forget, reg

24、ret, try, stop, mean, go on等。He tried speaking English to us.他試著用英語(yǔ)和我們講話。Please try to do it better next time.下次請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)法做得更好些。This means setting out at once這.意味著立即出發(fā)。He really meant to come.他確實(shí)打算來(lái)的。4. 在表示“需要”意思的 want, need, require, deserve等動(dòng)詞后：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)表事物時(shí)，其后既可用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)含義。My watch needs repairing

25、/to be repaired.The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.5. 在 allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等詞后，常用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，用不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We don?t allow smoking here.Her mother doesn?t a

26、llow her to stay up late.注意：Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。六、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別1?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ),區(qū)別方法是 :作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)指的是同一件事, 此時(shí)系動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于 “是”,通常把主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的位置互換 ,語(yǔ)法和意思不變 , 例如 :My hobby is swimming. 可改為 Swimming is my hobby.( 可將原句中的主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置互換 )現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì), 不能與主語(yǔ)互換位置 , 但可加 very,quite 等副詞修飾

27、，例如 :The story is (very) interesting. ( 不可改為 :Interesting is the story )動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)相混淆，如：Her job is washing clothes. （動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)）She is washing clothes now.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）2?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于 :動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時(shí)性質(zhì)?狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等 ?試比較 :a swimming boy 和 a swimming suit前者的意思是 “一個(gè)正在游泳的男孩 ”,即 a boy

28、who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞 boy 的動(dòng)作 ;而后者的意思是 “游泳衣 ”,即a suit for swimming , 動(dòng)名詞 swimming 表示 suit 的用途 ?檢測(cè)練習(xí)1） Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A ）having been finedB） to have been finedC） to be finedD） being fined2）I really appreciate _ to help me， but I

29、am sure that I can manage by myself.A ） you to offerB） that you offerC） your offeringD ） that you are offering3） The thief took away the woman?s wallet without_。A ） being seenB） seeingC） him seeingD） seeing him4） No one can avoid _ by advertisements。A ） to be influencedB） being influencedC） influenc

30、ingD） havinginfluenced5） They are considering _ before the prices go up。A ）C）of buying the house B） with buying the house buying the house D） to buy the house6） If I had remembered _ the door, the things would not have been stolen。A ） to lockB） lockingC） to have lockedD）shavingslocked7） My transisto

31、r radio isn,t working 。 It _。A ） need repairingB） needs to repairC） needs repairingD） need to be repaired8） It is no use _ me not to worry。A ） you tellB） your tellingC） for you to have toldD） having told9） He is very busy _ his papers。 He is far too busy _ callers。A ） to write ；to receiveB） writing

32、；to receiveC） writing ；receivingD） to write ；for receiving10）The suspect at last admitted _ stolen goods but denied _ them。A ） receiving。 sellingB） to receive。 to sellC） to receiving。 to sellingD） to have received。 to have sold11） She apologized for _ to come。A ） her not being ableB） her being not a

33、bleC） not being ableD） that she?s not able to12） Please stop， boys， I have something important to _ you。A ）saying 。talk B ）telling 。sayC）talking 。speak D）talking 。tell13） Tony， would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder？A ） to fix B ） fixing C ） for fixing D ） fix14）I remembe

34、r _ to help us if we ever got in trouble。A ） once offeringB） him once offeringC） him to offerD ） to offer him15）John regretted _ to the meeting last week。A ） not goingB） not to goC） not having been goingD） not to be going16） Do you feel like _ out or would you rather _ dinner at home？A ）going。to hav

35、eB）to go。to haveC）to go。havingD）going。have17） We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _where it was。A ）C）in finding 。 knowing B） finding 。 to know to find。 knowing D ） to find 。 to know19）It is no good _ remember grammatical rules。 You need to practise what youhave learned。A ） trying toB ） to try toC） try t