高中英語詞法與句法概述

1、第一章 詞匯及其分類-功能學習導航*英語單詞的學習，語音，拼寫，意義，分類（詞性）及用法（句法功能）*詞匯學習注意事項：1、 先會讀，再去寫，對對才能寫對；（音形）2、 與其背誦一個單詞，不如背誦含有該單詞的句子；（意）3、 只有常讀英語文章，學的單詞才不會忘；（音形意）4、 學會構(gòu)詞法，詞匯才能學到家；（音形意）5、 學會查詞典，能過老師教三遍；6、 弄清詞性與詞形變化。（分類及用法）詞性（詞的分類）：就是分清它是名詞、動詞還是形容詞？詞形變化：即：比如說名詞，它是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)，復數(shù)形式如何？如果是動詞，規(guī)則還是不規(guī)則。過去式、過去分詞如何變化？*詞的分類和用法是詞法研究的重點。雖然音形意

2、不是語法研究的范疇，但其重要性絕對不能忽視。詞匯是學習英語的基礎，有關(guān)英語任何方面的學習，均是以掌握足夠量的詞匯及其用法為前提的。思維導圖（略）語法全解*根據(jù)單詞的意義、語法功能的不同，英語詞匯分屬不同的類別，用來表示人事物的名稱、指代、數(shù)量、動作、行為、狀態(tài)等概念。這些不同的類別構(gòu)成了不同的分類。*語法功能：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞和感嘆詞十大類。*意義：實詞和虛詞。*實詞：有實在的意義并在句子中充當句子的成分，包括名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞、形容詞、*副詞六類；虛詞沒有實在的意義，在句子中不能單獨充當句子成分，它包括冠詞、介詞、連詞和感嘆詞四類。*不同的詞類在句子

3、中充當不同的成分，主要有主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語和同位語等。英語詞匯的分、類英語名稱、意義、例詞、句法功能如下表：分類詞類英語*意義例詞主語謂語賓語表語定語狀語補語同位實詞名詞n.表人事物或抽象概念代詞Pron.替代名詞、數(shù)詞等數(shù)詞Mum.表數(shù)目或順序形容a.表人事物的特征副詞Ad.表時間、地點、程度、動作的特征等主要作狀語，修飾形、副、動、整個句子等動詞v.表動作或狀態(tài)或情態(tài)可單獨作謂，有時與其他詞語構(gòu)成詞組做謂，或與助、情態(tài)一起構(gòu)成謂語虛詞冠詞Art.用于名詞前，幫助說明名詞的意義。（皮毛關(guān)系）不能單獨作句子成分，一般要和其他詞構(gòu)成詞組在句中作成分。冠詞加在名前，構(gòu)成名詞詞

4、組；介詞后接賓語，構(gòu)成介詞短語；連詞連接單詞、短語或句子；感嘆詞用于句子之外，來說明說話者的語氣介詞Prep.用于名、代前，表示該名、代與其他詞的關(guān)系連詞Conj.連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句與句感嘆Int.表說話時的情感或口氣分類詞類主語謂語賓語表語定語狀語補語同位實詞名詞代詞數(shù)詞形容副詞動詞非謂動詞不定時動名詞分詞句子特別提示：英語中有大量的詞同時兼有兩種或兩種以上的詞類。如：Water n. 水；v.澆水 study v.學習、研究；n. 學習、研究；書房Present n. 禮物；v 提出；呈現(xiàn)；adj 在場的；出席的不同詞類的功能：一、 名詞 主語、賓語、定語、表語、補語、狀語等

5、87; Self-confidence is the key to success.（）» It is everyones duty to obey the traffic laws.（）» I am not a wage-earner. I am a self-employed man.（）» We made him president of the club.（）» In the rice-growing field, the Chinese scientist, Yuan Long ping, is a leading figure.（）»

6、; My sister-in-law works in a shoe factory.（）» I play basketball in the playground everyday afternoon.（）二、 代詞He would drown his sadness in coffee.Mind you, this is just you and me.Dont use my pen, why not use your pen.I myself make the mistake about your address.三、數(shù)次Five from nine leaves four.W

7、e dont need so many people. We just need five.My telephone number is 8332256.We still have one hour left.I am in Grade two, and they three are not.You go to the food counter first.四、形容詞He is very accessible and honest.It is a true story, based on actual events.The sunset makes the mountain village m

8、ore charming.五、副詞Naughty boys are particularly difficult to deal with.Mr. Wang has been living in Japan for many years, so he speaks Japanese very fluently.Mary stepped in to the room quietly, without being noticed.Luckily, she had got anther chance.六、動詞Today so many people from different parts of t

9、he world come and visit the place everyday.Janet took command of the situation and got everyone out of the building.You cant achieve anything without hard work.七、虛詞Tom is a successful man with a good fortune.The little girl of theirs is an angel.Merry acquired a knowledge of the English language by

10、careful study.The relationship between the two countries has been strengthened over these years.We walked and laughed until we came to the station.Hurrah! We win the game.第二章 句子成分和分類* 八種句子成分+插入語：* 句子分兩類：表動作（結(jié)構(gòu)：主+謂+賓）、表狀態(tài)（結(jié)構(gòu)：主+系+表）* 按結(jié)構(gòu)分：簡單句、并列句（）、復合句（名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句）* 按用途分：陳述句（）、疑問句（）、祈使句（）、感嘆句（）成分概

11、念位置可充當要素例句主語謂語所表示動作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者，是句子所敘述的主體，表示句子所說的是誰或是什么一般句首；倒裝句中位于謂語、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞后面名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞、句子» A light wind woke among the woods.» No one but yourself can help you.» To drink a cup of water in such hot weather is a great pleasure. » Traveling abroad is popular among young

12、 people.» The rich are not always happier than the poor.» Generally speaking, what we cant get seems better than what we have got.» It is believed that girls are good at language.謂語說明主語的行為、特征或狀態(tài)，主語后，有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)變化；分簡單謂語和復合謂語動詞1、 簡單謂語» The sun rises in the east.» He looked after

13、two orphans.» I have tried three times in this way.» Dont get off the bus until it comes to a stop.» Tom would like to have a word with you.2、 復合謂語» He can speak English very well.» The work must be done before three oclock.» This film is very interesting.» He seem

14、s unhappy.賓語動作的對象或承受著動詞或介詞的后面；分為單賓語、雙賓語、復合賓語、同源賓語名詞、代詞、數(shù)次、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞、句子1、 單賓語» Richard does not like his job.» I dont know him.» -How many computers do you need? -I need five.» We donate money and cotton clothes to help the homeless in the flooded area.» Monica decided

15、to solve the problem on her own. » The young man risked losing his life to save the girl.» Mia said that she would return (come back) soon.2、雙賓語 直接賓語（指物） 間接賓語（指人）» They offered me the job. They offered the job to me.» Pleased show me your passport. Please show your passport to me

16、.» Cora played us some light music. Cora played some light music for us.3、復合賓語 （=賓語+賓語補足語：存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）賓補說明賓語的身份或狀態(tài)» We all find Josie a good girl. We all find that Josie is a good girl.» Dont force such a little girl to lean.» He made himself known to them first.» We must kee

17、p it a secret.» Please make yourself at home.» Please keep the dog out.4、同源賓語指由同源動詞的名詞作賓語，前面常有不定冠詞（an）和形容詞修飾語。live a happy life die a worth death laugh a good laugh blow a heavy blow smile a gentle smile sing a sweet singdream a terrible dream die a glorious deat表語說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或身份與連系動詞be等構(gòu)

18、成復合謂語Be/become/get/look/grow/turn/seem名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）、分詞（短語）句子» We are Chinese.» The winner is you.» The war was over.» Julie always looks cheerful.» Who was the first.» He is out of condition.» This is what he told me yesterday.» They seem

19、 to know the truth.» Ty hobby is playing the piano.» He was quite surprised to see me here.» Time is pressing.定語修飾或限定名詞或代詞的成分，它是名詞或代詞的修飾語常和名詞構(gòu)成短語，分前置定語和后置定語前置：形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格動名詞、分詞；后置：形容詞、副詞、介詞短語不定式短語分詞短語句子1、前置定語 前置：形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、動名詞、分詞；» This is a difficult problem.»

20、; The doctor told me to open my mouth and put out my tongue.» Granny cut the birthday cake into five pieces.» He works in a trade company.» Do you know toms mother.» Books cant be taken away from the reading room.» We should adapt to the changing situation quickly.» Is

21、there any difference between spoken English and written English. 特別提示：不定代詞的定語要后置» There is nothing interesting in the book.2、后置定語 后置：形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、句子» The girl in white is his younger sister.» Fill in the blanks in the sentences below.» You should grasp the chance to go

22、abroad.» Do you know the man speaking to our headmaster.» Most of the people invited to the conference are from Europe.» Do you know the man who spoke just now.特別提示： 若時間狀語和地點狀語修飾同一個動詞時，通常先說地點，再說時間。» They had a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.如果修飾同一個動詞的時間狀語和地點狀語不止一個，

23、則按“由小到大”的順序排列。» He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning.» She lived in a small village in the north.狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的成分表示時間、地點、方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件或讓步等。副詞、介詞短語、不定式（短語）、分詞（短語）、形容詞、名詞、從句等» Jennifer runs very fast.» Ill be back in a while.» He waited to see the re

24、sult of the match.» Living in the country, they have few amusements. » Given more time and money, we should have the work better. » She sat there, silent.» Wait a moment, Ill be back.» It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meeting.» He was absent from th

25、e lecture yesterday because he was ill.補語說明主語或賓語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分賓語和補足語一起構(gòu)成復合賓語；它們在邏輯上為主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語分詞、不定式（短語）» He was appointed manager of the company.» We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.» Miranda likes sleeping with the light on.» When she woke up, she found he

26、rself in the hospital.» Her mother doesnt allow her to go out alone at night.» Our English teacher always had us reading and reciting.» Tibet always kept him spellbound. 心神向往同位語對句子的某一成分作經(jīng)一步解釋說明，與該成分在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、從句» This is Mr. Li, our headmaster.» We each have a c

27、ell phone now.» Are you two ready to start out now?» The news that our team won again is true.獨立成分與句子沒有關(guān)系或關(guān)系不大、獨立于句子之外的成分感嘆詞、稱呼語、插入語是英語中常見的三種獨立成分1、感嘆詞 » Aha! Tod is really foolish! To sell such things to a millionaire.2、稱呼語» Hi, everyone! Allow me to introduce Professor Gao to yo

28、u.» Ladies and gentlemen! Ive got an important announcement to make.3、插入語» This is a good chance, I think, that you can win.» I cant make it Friday, Im afraid. 常用必備：I think I believe I say Im afraid do you think/believe/suppose In my opinion to tell the truth to be honest to be frank

29、Generally speaking frankly speaking honestly speaking believe it or not Worse still whats more as far as I concerned in a/one word» 一、 主語» A light wind woke among the woods.» No one but yourself can help you.» To drink a cup of water in such hot weather is a great pleasure. »

30、; Traveling abroad is popular among young people.» The rich are not always happier than the poor.» Generally speaking, what we cant get seems better than what we have got.» It is believed that girls are good at language.二、 謂語3、 簡單謂語不論何種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣，凡是由一個動詞或動詞詞組構(gòu)成的謂語都是簡單謂語。» The sun r

31、ises in the east.» He looked after two orphans.» I have tried three times in this way.» Dont get off the bus until it comes to a stop.» Tom would like to have a word with you.4、 復合謂語由“情態(tài)動詞或其它助動詞+動詞原形”或“連系動詞+表語”構(gòu)成的謂語叫復合謂語。» He can speak English very well.» The work must

32、be done before three oclock.» This film is very interesting.» He seems unhappy.三、表語» We are Chinese.» The winner is you.» The war was over.» Julie always looks cheerful.» Who was the first.» He is out of condition.» This is what he told me yesterday.»

33、; They seem to know the truth.» Ty hobby is playing the piano.» He was quite surprised to see me here.» Time is pressing.三、 賓語2、 單賓語» Richard does not like his job.» I dont know him.» -How many computers do you need? -I need five.» We donate money and cotton clothe

34、s to help the homeless in the flooded area.» Monica decided to solve the problem on her own. » The young man risked losing his life to save the girl.» Mia said that she would return (come back) soon.2、雙賓語 直接賓語（指物） 間接賓語（指人）» They offered me the job. They offered the job to me.

35、7; Pleased show me your passport. Please show your passport to me.» Cora played us some light music. Cora played some light music for us.3、復合賓語 （=賓語+賓語補足語：存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）賓補說明賓語的身份或狀態(tài)» We all find Josie a good girl. We all find that Josie is a good girl.» Dont force such a little girl to l

36、ean.» He made himself known to them first.» We must keep it a secret.» Please make yourself at home.» Please keep the dog out.4、同源賓語指由同源動詞的名詞作賓語，前面常有不定冠詞（an）和形容詞修飾語。live a happy life die a worth death laugh a good laugh blow a heavy blow smile a gentle smile sing a sweet singdrea

37、m a terrible dream die a glorious death五、定語1、前置定語 前置：形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、動名詞、分詞；» This is a difficult problem.» The doctor told me to open my mouth and put out my tongue.» Granny cut the birthday cake into five pieces.» He works in a trade company.» Do you know toms mother.&#

38、187; Books cant be taken away from the reading room.» We should adapt to the changing situation quickly.» Is there any difference between spoken English and written English. 特別提示：不定代詞的定語要后置» There is nothing interesting in the book.2、后置定語 后置：形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、句子» The girl in

39、 white is his younger sister.» Fill in the blanks in the sentences below.» You should grasp the chance to go abroad.» Do you know the man speaking to our headmaster.» Most of the people invited to the conference are from Europe.» Do you know the man who spoke just now.特別提示：

40、若時間狀語和地點狀語修飾同一個動詞時，通常先說地點，再說時間。» They had a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.如果修飾同一個動詞的時間狀語和地點狀語不止一個，則按“由小到大”的順序排列。» He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning.» She lived in a small village in the north.六狀語» Jennifer runs very fast.» Ill be back in a

41、 while.» He waited to see the result of the match.» Living in the country, they have few amusements. » Given more time and money, we should have the work better. » She sat there, silent.» Wait a moment, Ill be back.» It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meeting.» He was absent