高考定語從句講解稿Word版

1、定語從句基本概念：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句在句中的作用相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，因此也叫形容詞性從句。先行詞：定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。它與定語從句的位置關(guān)系為：先行詞 + 定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在句中起引導(dǎo)定語從句的作用，同時又在定語從句中擔(dān)任主語，賓語，表語，定語和狀語等成分。常用的關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that, which ，as . 常用的關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why . 分類：定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。I限制性定語從句 在此

2、類從句中，先行詞代表一個、一些或一類特定的人或事物，這種定語從句已和被修飾詞構(gòu)成了一個完整的意思，定語從句不能拿掉，否則剩下的主句將失去意義而不能成立。A關(guān)系代詞的用法先行詞是人1作主語 who, that e.g. The girl who/ that is standing under the tree is my sister.1 / 262. 作賓語 (who, whom, that)e.g. The girl (who/ whom/ that )he is talking to is my sister.3. 作定語 whosee.g. The girl whose hair is

3、red is my sister.先行詞是物1 作主語 which / that e.g. The book which/ that is on the table is mine. 2 作賓語 (which/ that)e.g. The book (which / that) you bought yesterday is good.3 作定語 whosee.g. The book whose cover is blue is mine.The man _ you were talking with just now is my uncle.Do you know the woman _ i

4、s selling the vegetables there.I like the room _ windows face south.The glass _ you bought yesterday is very good.The old man didnt allow his daughter to marry the man _ family is poor.The fruit _ my father planted is delicious.I bought the book in the shop _ is in the corner of the street.I dont li

5、ke the apples _ are not fresh.He visited the factory _ his father once worked in.My mother likes the places _ have the beautiful scenery.The teacher _ is respected by the students is his aunt.I know the man _ you are shaking hands with.A plane is a machine _ can fly.The noodles _ I cooked were delic

6、ious.Who is the man _ is reading a book over there?The girl _ we saw yesterday was Jims sister.They planted some trees _ didnt need much water.The fish _ we bought this morning were not fresh.The foreigner _ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.The boy _ broke the window is called Tom.The pers

7、on _ you just talked to is Mr. Li.Mrs. Read is the person _ you should write to.B在定語從句中如介詞提前，關(guān)系代詞用法如下：先行詞是人 介詞+ whom e.g. The girl to whom he is speaking is my sister. The girl _ he is speaking to is my sister.先行詞是物 介詞+ whiche.g. The room in which he used to live is very big.C. 關(guān)系代詞 as的用法 1）as也可作關(guān)系代

8、詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指整個主句的概念，常譯為“正如”之意，在句中作主語，賓語或表語 。 2）as引導(dǎo)的定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，位置很靈活。e.g. More than seventy percent of the surface of the earth is covered with water, as we all know. （作賓語）As is reported in the papers , our country has launched another manmade earth satellite. （作主語）The experiment is ver

9、y important, as indeed it is. （表語）常用這類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有： as is said above; as is already mentioned above; as it is; as is often the case (with)這是常有的事； 事情通常就是這樣; as is reported in the newspaper等等He is often late for school, as is often the case with him.As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fon

10、d of talking about good old days.3）as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句還常放在 the same，和such, as后。e.g. This is the same one as I showed you the other day.Keep away from such things as will do you harm.4) 經(jīng)常用于非限制性定語從句中，表示“眾所周知”的表達(dá)有以下幾種： as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody/everyone knows, D. 關(guān)系副詞的用法1). whenwhen在定語

11、從句中作時間狀語。e.g. Einstein had to stop his research work in the year when the First World War broke out. That happened on the day when I saw you.2). wherewhere在定語從句中作地點狀語。e.g. What is the name of the town where we stayed last year?My neighbor bought this TV set in the shop where her brother works.名詞situ

12、ation, point, case, stage, scene等后可接where引導(dǎo)的定語從句I understand the situation where a woman falls in love with a married man.It gets to the point where communication is possible.They have reached the point where they have to separate.3) why why 在定語從句中作原因狀語，多放在名詞the reason后。e.g. The reason why he did it

13、 will always remain a mystery.I dont know the reason why he always looks at me coldly. The reason _ he explained is reasonable.E. 有時關(guān)系副詞可以等同于介詞加關(guān)系代詞which. when = 介詞 + whichI will never forget the day when / on which I joined the army.where =介詞 + whichI visited the factory where / in which my mother

14、once worked.why =介詞 + whichI will tell you the reason why / for which I was late.注意：當(dāng)定語從句中的謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時，不可把短語動詞的各個部分拆開，也就是說不能將介詞提前。These are the children whom you need to look after.The post office which you are looking for is at the other end of the street.注意以下的情況：from where, since when 為介詞+

15、關(guān)系副詞結(jié)構(gòu)， 也可引導(dǎo)定語從句We stood on the top of the hill, from where we could see the whole town.He left in 1989, since when he has been working in a bank.This is a book _ tells about space rocket technology.The letter _ I received yesterday was from my brother.The book _ they sent me is very good.He lives i

16、n the house _ is opposite ours.The dog _ was lost has been found.This is the pan _ I boiled milk in.The hotel _ I stayed in last month is over there.This is the magazine _ you are looking for.The dog _ Aunt Li takes care of is lost.She is the girl _ you saw in school.They live in a house _ was built

17、 200 years ago.Here is the car _ I told you about.Who is the man _ shook hands with you just now?Is he the man _ you shook hands just now?Here comes the girl _ wants to see you .Jim began to talk to a girl _ sat next to him.I wanted to find someone _ I could discuss music.This is the man_ I gave it

18、to.The man _ you were talking is my father.This is the man _ I wrote.The girl _ I spoke is my sister.Id like a room _ windows looks out onto the sea.Please pass me the dictionary _ cover is black.The doctor _ name was Johnson lived in a small town in the north of England.She heard a terrible noise,

19、_ brought her heart into her mouth.We are living in an age _ many things are done by computer.Yesterday I met Mr. Li _ told me the whole matter.I dont know the reason _ she didnt agree to our study plan.This is the man _ daughter is in my class.Well never forget the day _ we traveled abroad.We have

20、visited the factory, _ my father once worked.Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake, _is known to all.The day will soon come _ man will set foot on another planet.Do you know the person _ you discuss the problem?The games _ the young men competed were difficult.He came back to the college _he taught c

21、hemistry 20 years ago.Fthat也可用作關(guān)系副詞，在定語從句中作狀語，常用在the day, the time , the moment ,the year, the way ,the reason等名詞之后（也可省略）。This was the reason (that) (=why) we raised the output .This is the first time (that) I came to Guangzhou.1949 was the year (that) (=when) the Peoples Republic of China was found

22、ed.By the time (that) you are dressed, breakfast will be ready.The moment (that) he entered the room, everybody became silent .G注意關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法區(qū)別。不受先行詞意義的干擾。This is a place (which /that) Ive longed to visit.(因先行詞a place 作visit的賓語，所以用(which/that)，而不用where.)Do you remember the years (which/that) we spe

23、nt in the countryside? （因先行詞the years 作spent的賓語，所以用(which/that)，而不用when）H. “one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞” 后面定語從句謂語單復(fù)數(shù)情況A 。one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞后面的定語從句的謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，跟定語從句所靠近的那個復(fù)數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.She is one of the few persons who know Spanish.B如果one of

24、 the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞前面帶有定冠詞the或the only, the very之類的限定詞，后面的定語從句的謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式 這是因為定語從句在意義上修飾the one, the only one, the very one.而不是那個復(fù)數(shù)名詞。He is the one of the teachers who knows French in our school.He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.This is

25、 one of the rooms that are free now.I有些定語從句缺少所修飾的先行詞，應(yīng)該先加上先行詞the one再跟上關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞構(gòu)成定語從句.試比較：Is this the room (which/ that ) we visited yesterday?Is this room the one (which/that) we visited yesterday?Is this the room in which/ where we once lived ?Is this room the one in which/ where we once lived? J

26、. the way意為“方式，方法”時,作方式狀語時，關(guān)系代詞用 in which, that, / I dont like the way in which/ that/ -you talk to me.Lets go the way (that) we went yesterday. II非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，如省略，主句意思不受影響。非限制性定語從句與主句之間要用逗號分開，常與主句分開翻譯，相當(dāng)于一個并列句。Charles works in a chemical plant, where he holds an important position.We c

27、an talk in English now, which makes us very happy.The man , from whom I learned the news , is an engineer.She has two sons, one of whom/either of whom/ neither of whom is a doctor.She has two sons, both of whom are doctors.She has two sons, and one of them/either of them/ neither of them is a doctor

28、.She has two sons, and both of them are doctors.She has two sons; one of them/either of them/ neither of them is a doctor.She has two sons; both of them are doctors.關(guān)系代詞as 和which 的區(qū)別A 共同點1 都可引導(dǎo)限制性和非限制性定語從句。2 都可指代整個主句的概念。B 不同點1 as有“正如、按照”的意思，而which沒有。2 as的位置很靈活可放句首、句中或句尾，而which只能放在主句之后。3 As表示說話的依據(jù)、態(tài)度

29、、解釋或評論等， 而which 表示某事的狀態(tài)和結(jié)果。如：As is said, China invented the first paper money.He failed to show up at the party, which made her very sad.注意He won the game, as we had expected.He won the game, which we hadnt expected.注意下面的區(qū)別：I live in a room, whose windows face the south.I live in a room, the windows

30、 of which face the south.I live in a room, of which the windows face the south.There are fifty students in our class, two thirds of whom are girlsThere are fifty students in our class, of whom two thirds are girls.特別注意1關(guān)系代詞指物時，在下面幾種情況中只能用that，不能用which:1).先行詞為 all , much, everything, nothing , someth

31、ing ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代詞時。e.g. Is there anything here that I can do for you ? All that can be done has been done.2) 當(dāng)先行詞被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修飾時. The only thing that we could do was to wait. You can take any seat that is free.3). 當(dāng)先行詞是最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時

32、。 e.g. This is the most exciting trip that I have ever experienced.4). 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。 e.g. This is the first car that arrived this morning . 5).當(dāng)先行詞是數(shù)詞時. e.g. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.6). 當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時。 e.g. They talk

33、ed for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.7)如有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個關(guān)系代詞則宜用 that。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8) 主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that 作關(guān)系代詞。There is still a seat in the corner that is free.9）被修飾

34、成分為表語,或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時，該關(guān)系代詞宜用that。Thats a good book that will help you a lot.My hometown is no longer the place (that) it used to be.2定語從句中宜用which不宜用that的情況1). 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時。 e.g. The room in which she lives is a large one.2). 在非限制性定語從句中。 e.g. He showed me his new watch, which his father has bought

35、 him recently.3). 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指整個主句的概念時。 e.g. I said nothing ,which made him still more angry.He failed the exam, which made his father very angry.4). 在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that，另一個宜用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. At the station I bought

36、 some magazine that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.5）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時。 Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you , will help improve your English.3先行詞是人時， 定語從句中宜用who而不宜用that的情況1） 先行詞為one, ones, anyone, 或 those 時。The perso

37、n I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.I dont like the ones (those) who talk big.2） 在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who指代人。Theres a gentleman wh

38、o wants to see you.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.3） 當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時。I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese well.4） 在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that，另一個宜用who。The student that was praised at yesterd

39、ays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.6that引導(dǎo)定語從句與引導(dǎo)同位語從句的區(qū)別： that引導(dǎo)的定語從句與引導(dǎo)的同位語從句都是在名詞之后，很容易混淆，但二者是完全不同的，主要表現(xiàn)在：引導(dǎo)定語從句時，that是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中擔(dān)任主語或賓語等成分；而引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，that是連接代詞,that只起引導(dǎo)詞作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分。 e.g. We must face the fact that we are living in a changing world.He collected t

40、he facts that could prove heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speedHe told us the news that the new shop would be open on and after next Sunday.He told us the news that he got from his classmate this morning.Exercises1. The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected.A.

41、when B. where C. which D. that 2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when3. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of whichC. the price of whose D. its price 4._

42、 is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A. Which B. As C. That D. It5. Mary was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy.A. who B. which C. this D. what6. It was an exciting moment for those football fans this

43、year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A. that B. while C. when D. which7. I gave him a warning, _ he turned a deaf ear.A. of which B. for which C. to that D. to which8. The general controlled a thousand men, _ must obey his order in the war.A.all of whom B. all of whoC. al

44、l of them D. all of which9. The pen, _ I paid 13 yuan, was lost.A. which B. that C for which D. to which10. The factory _ is on the other side of the city.A. where he works B.he works inc. in which he works D.all of the above11. The manager _ company he works is very strict with his workers.A.who B.

45、 in which C whose D. in whose12. There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.A. its B. that C. of that D. of which13. The young man _ talk _ we have just heard is a famous bull fighter.A. who; which B. who; /C. whose; / D. whom; which14. Is there a restaurant around _ I can have someth

46、ing to eat?A that B. what C. which D. where15. Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. when B. what B. whatever D. thatHas all _ can be done been done?A. that B. what B. when D. for when16. Ill never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a gr

47、eat effect on my life.A. her; which B. when; whichC. which; that D. when; who17. This is the key school _ I graduated from two years ago.A. where B. in which C. / D. at which18. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. where B. which C. while D. why

48、19. We will be shown around the city, school, museum, and some other places, _other visitors seldom go.A. what B. which C. where D. when20. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.A. he B. this C. which D. who21. Many people came to the meeting, _ a number left early.A. to w

49、hom B. for whom C. at whom D. of whom22. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.A. who; / B. / ; whoC who; who D. / ; /23. The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. that C. how D. as

50、24. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A. of which B. by whichC. in which D. from which25. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. where B. when C which D. w

51、hat 26. My most famous relative of all, _ who really left his mark on America, was Reb Sussel, my great-grandfather.A. one B. the one C. he D. someone27.The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _ meant spending tens of thousands of pound

52、s.A. who B. that C. as D. which28. We saw several natives advancing toward our party, and one of them came up to us _ we gave some beers and glasses.A. to which B. to whomC. with whom D. with which29. We are just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C

53、. when D. which30. Do you have anything to say for yourselves?-Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on.A. why B. where C. how D. /31. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ Chinese in the school, most _ were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of them C.studying; of them D. st

54、udying; of whom32. After living abroad for many years he returned to the city _ he was born.A. which B. when C. that D. where33. _ is known to everyone , light travels faster than sound.A. It B. As C. Which D. What 34. My parents are satisfied with _ has been done.A. that B. which C. all that D. all what35. Is this book _ you referred to ?A. that B. which C. the one D. what36. Who is the man _ is