新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二版綜合教程1課文翻譯及答案Unit2

1、一名語(yǔ)言教師的個(gè)人看法威爾皮德克羅夫特1    我每天都會(huì)在報(bào)紙上、公共汽車(chē)上看到各種廣告，聲稱(chēng)輕輕松松就能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。按照這些廣告的說(shuō)法，學(xué)生不必費(fèi)什么力氣，要說(shuō)一口流利的英語(yǔ)只需短短3個(gè)月,甚至10天就行。廣告還常常提到威廉莎士比亞和查爾斯狄更斯等英語(yǔ)文學(xué)大師的名號(hào)進(jìn)一步激勵(lì)學(xué)生。每當(dāng)看到諸如此類(lèi)的廣告時(shí)，我真是哭笑不得。如果學(xué)英語(yǔ)真像這些廣告所說(shuō)的那么輕松，我恐怕得另謀出路了，因?yàn)椴恍枰敲炊嗪细竦挠⒄Z(yǔ)教師了。但是肯定有許多人相信這些可笑的噱頭，不然的話(huà)這些廣告也不可能出現(xiàn)。2    學(xué)生們喜歡實(shí)惠的速成學(xué)習(xí)方

2、法也在情理之中，但要用淺顯易懂的語(yǔ)言去解釋為什么某一方法比另一方法更有效并不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事，而且也無(wú)需裝模作樣地聲稱(chēng)有什么人已經(jīng)找到了一個(gè)萬(wàn)能的適合所有學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的教學(xué)方法。一些專(zhuān)家甚至認(rèn)為，有多少個(gè)好老師就有多少種好的教學(xué)方法，因?yàn)槊恳粋€(gè)老師都有其自身的特點(diǎn)。這種說(shuō)法無(wú)疑是有幾分道理的，但對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)不是很有幫助。3    有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，人們認(rèn)為學(xué)好一門(mén)語(yǔ)言唯一的方法就是去使用那種語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家待上一段時(shí)間。當(dāng)然去英國(guó)、美國(guó)、或者澳大利亞等國(guó)家學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生肯定比那些不能去的學(xué)生具有很大優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是很多學(xué)生支付不起那筆費(fèi)用。有些學(xué)生走向另一極端：他們認(rèn)為可以借助

3、詞典在家自學(xué)。如果你認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)中的每一個(gè)詞在另一語(yǔ)言中都有完全對(duì)等的詞，那就錯(cuò)了，反之亦然。通過(guò)翻譯法來(lái)給學(xué)生講解口語(yǔ)的自然形式是不可能的，更不要說(shuō)做到語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)地道了。4    現(xiàn)在大量的教學(xué)活動(dòng)還是建立在行為主義心理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)之上。行為主義者熱衷于讓學(xué)生復(fù)述短語(yǔ)，不斷做一些只需更換句中某個(gè)詞的練習(xí)。假如我們是鸚鵡或黑猩猩，那這些方法或許能奏效，可惜我們不是，這似乎讓很多理論家引以為憾，否則他們提出的那些方法用起來(lái)就會(huì)容易得多了。5    我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，假如沒(méi)有興趣，任何人都不可能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)或其它任何語(yǔ)言。與鸚鵡或黑猩猩

4、不同，人類(lèi)不會(huì)無(wú)緣無(wú)故地發(fā)出噪音，除非他們明白這些聲音是什么意思，并且能將其與自己的生活聯(lián)系起來(lái)。值得牢記的是：語(yǔ)言是一種交際手段，人們?cè)谀刚Z(yǔ)中怎么說(shuō)怎么寫(xiě)，用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)時(shí)也大同小異。因此，人們所聽(tīng)所讀的不應(yīng)該是程式化的東西，聽(tīng)的讀的材料必須真實(shí)自然。6    還有一個(gè)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題值得一提：在交際時(shí)我們需要有交談或傾聽(tīng)的對(duì)象。在學(xué)習(xí)較生疏的內(nèi)容時(shí)，如果身邊的其他學(xué)生能和我們?cè)谝黄饘W(xué)習(xí)，一起練習(xí)那些陌生的語(yǔ)言形式，用真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言去談?wù)撜鎸?shí)的生活，那一定會(huì)受益匪淺學(xué)會(huì)去讀書(shū)約翰.霍爾特1    在我曾經(jīng)任教的一個(gè)班上，

5、許多孩子學(xué)習(xí)起來(lái)非常吃力，尤其是閱讀。因此我決定不惜任何代價(jià)消除他們對(duì)書(shū)籍的恐懼和厭惡心理，讓他們能夠多讀些書(shū)，更勇于嘗試。2    開(kāi)學(xué)后沒(méi)多久，有一天我對(duì)孩子們說(shuō)：“我要跟你們說(shuō)說(shuō)讀書(shū)的事，也許還沒(méi)有哪個(gè)老師這樣對(duì)你們講過(guò)。今年我想要你們讀許多書(shū)，但是我想要你們只需要為了尋求樂(lè)趣而讀書(shū)，我不會(huì)提問(wèn)題去檢查你們讀懂了沒(méi)有。如果你們讀懂了一點(diǎn)兒，覺(jué)得會(huì)喜歡這本書(shū)，并愿意把它讀完，這就夠了。我也不會(huì)去考你們?cè)~語(yǔ)的意思?！?    “最后，”我繼續(xù)說(shuō)道，“你們不要覺(jué)得讀一本書(shū)就得把它讀完。先讀三、四十頁(yè)，看看故事情節(jié)如

6、何發(fā)展。如果你不喜歡書(shū)中人物，或者對(duì)他們的經(jīng)歷不感興趣，只管合上書(shū)，放到一邊，去讀另一本。你們讀的書(shū)是難還是容易、篇幅長(zhǎng)還是篇幅短，我都不在意，只要你們喜歡就行。另外，我會(huì)寫(xiě)信把我的意思告訴你們的家長(zhǎng)，好讓他們知道沒(méi)有必要在家里查問(wèn)或檢查你們的讀書(shū)情況?！?    孩子們都愣住了，坐著不出聲。這真的是老師在說(shuō)話(huà)嗎？其中一個(gè)女孩，因?yàn)楣φn不好最近才轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)到我們學(xué)校來(lái)，后來(lái)我發(fā)現(xiàn)她非常有趣、活潑、聰明，在我所有的學(xué)生中都算突出的。我講完后，她盯住我看了很久。然后，她繼續(xù)看著我，緩慢而嚴(yán)肅地問(wèn)：“霍爾特先生，你說(shuō)的話(huà)是真的嗎？”我也同樣嚴(yán)肅地回答：“真的，一點(diǎn)不

7、假?！?    顯然，她打算照我說(shuō)的辦。她讀的第一本書(shū)是瑟斯博士寫(xiě)的格林奇偷走圣誕節(jié)，這本書(shū)對(duì)大多數(shù)三年級(jí)的學(xué)生都不算難，更不要說(shuō)這個(gè)年級(jí)的孩子了。有一陣子，她讀的都是這個(gè)難易度的書(shū)。也許她是在消除對(duì)閱讀的一些困惑，而以前她沒(méi)時(shí)間去做，因?yàn)槔蠋熆偸谴叽偎催@個(gè)年級(jí)“該看的書(shū)”。她在這個(gè)班上學(xué)習(xí)了大概六周后，我們成了好朋友。我試探地向她建議：既然她喜歡馬，而且騎馬的水平還不錯(cuò)，她可以讀一讀玉女神駒。我盡可能委婉地提出這個(gè)建議。我只告訴她那是一個(gè)關(guān)于一個(gè)熱愛(ài)馬并常常騎馬的女孩的故事；如果她不喜歡讀，她可以放回去。她去讀了，也許她覺(jué)得這本書(shū)比她先前讀的書(shū)要難點(diǎn)

8、，但是她讀完了，而且挺喜歡。6    春季的那一學(xué)期，她的表現(xiàn)可真的讓我吃驚了。一天，在我們的自習(xí)課上我看到她坐在課桌前看書(shū)。我瞥了一眼書(shū)中的插圖就知道這是一本什么書(shū)了。我心想：“不可能吧?！蔽易哌^(guò)去仔細(xì)一看，她果然在讀白鯨，是配有羅克威爾肯特木刻畫(huà)的那個(gè)版本。我走近她的課桌，這時(shí)她抬起頭來(lái)。我問(wèn)她：“你真的在看這本書(shū)嗎？”她說(shuō)，是的。我又問(wèn)：“你喜歡這本書(shū)嗎？”“嗯，是的。這本書(shū)很好。”她答道?！澳悴挥X(jué)得有些地方很難嗎？”我又問(wèn)道?！坝邪?，不過(guò)，看不懂就跳過(guò)去，挑有意思的地方看?！彼@樣回答。7    真正的閱讀

9、就該如此。但是上學(xué)時(shí)，閱讀不見(jiàn)得總是有趣或讓人喜歡。拿上一本書(shū)，鉆進(jìn)去，讀有趣的部分，跳過(guò)不好的部分，盡可能從書(shū)中得到點(diǎn)收獲，然后再去讀其它書(shū)。為什么非要讓每個(gè)孩子讀一樣的書(shū)，作出同樣沒(méi)有意義的“理解”呢?Listen and RespondTask One Focusing on the Main IdeasChoose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences according to the information contained in the listening passage. 1) In this m

10、onologue Alberto tells us that _.A) he is interested in language researchB) he is good at Chinese and GermanC) he has a degree in political scienceD) he wants to be a language teacher 2) According to Alberto, he is not very good at _ in learning foreignlanguages.A) verb tenses B) reading speedC

11、) speaking D) spelling 3) To learn a foreign language well, Alberto strongly emphasizes _.A) watching TV in that languageB) reading extensively in that languageC) communicating with native speakersD) reading about the culture of that language 4) In this monologue Alberto talks about all of

12、 the following EXCEPT_.A) why he likes to learn foreign languagesB) when he first started learning a new languageC) why learning foreign languages is necessaryD) some helpful ways he finds in learning a new language 5) One of the reasons why Alberto learns multiple languages is that _.A) he has

13、 a natural talent in learning languagesB) he can study political science in greater depthC) he is attracted by the beauty of different languagesD) he can broaden his mind by knowing more languages Task Two Zooming In on the DetailsListen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks acc

14、ording to what you have heard.1) Alberto has started learning English, French , Portuguese and Italian, and he would also love to learn Chinese and German in the near future. 2) Alberto is confident that with time and practice he can overcome the difficulties he encounters in learning new langu

15、ages. 3) According to Alberto, learning a new language besides ones mother tongue can be useful, especially in a world where distances are shortened and people from different countries communicate with each other more frequently . 4) He recommends(推薦)three good ways of language learning. T

16、hey are:a. read a lot ;b. watch a lot of television in that language; andc. listen to CDs . 5) He also mentions three other things that are helpful for learning a language.They are:a. good dictionaries ;b. vocabulary books; andc. the Internet . 6) Finally Alberto says learning a language m

17、ight seem a little difficult at first , or even strange, but one will get used to it. Though the learning process is long and it never ends, it is also highly enjoyable . Related InformationTask One Discovering the Main Ideas1 Answer the following questions with the information contained in Tex

18、t A.1) According to Will Pidcroft, the writer of this text, can English be mastered within a very short period of time? Does he provide any evidence to support his view?No, Will Pidcroft doesnt think that English can be mastered within a short period of time. He says that in fact English is not that

19、 easy to learn; otherwise, he wouldnt be working as an English teacher any more as there would be far less demand for trained English teachers. 2) Does he support the idea that a language is best learned where it is spoken?Yes, he does. 3) What is the belief held by behaviorists in terms o

20、f language learning?Behaviorists believe that language learning is a kind of habit formation. So they are fond of making students repeat phrases and do exercises where they continually have to change one word in a sentence. They assume that people learn things very much like parrots and chimpanzees.

21、 4) What does Pidcroft say about ones interest in language learning?Pidcroft thinks that interest is a very important factor in language learning. No one can ever learn to speak English or any other language unless he or she is interested in it. 5) What distinguishes human beings from parr

22、ots and chimpanzees according to Pidcroft?Parrots and chimpanzees make noises that are meaningless while the speech sounds human beings make are meaningful and they can relate them to their own lives. In other words, human beings use language to communicate. 2 Write down the main idea of each p

23、aragraph in the space provided1) Para. 1:Advertisements often give the false impression that learning English is easy and does not need much effort. 2) Para. 2:There is no such thing as a good method that suits all students in every situation. 3) Para. 3:People used to believe that the onl

24、y way to learn a language was to spend a lot of time in a country where it was spoken. The other extreme is that some think that they can learn a foreign language at home relying solely on dictionaries. 4) Para. 4:Teaching methods based on the behaviourist theory may not work, as human beings a

25、re not parrots or chimpanzees.  5) Para. 5:Interest is the key to learning a language, which is a means of communication. 6) Para. 6:To learn a language well, it is important that we have other people to talk to and listen to. Task Two Reading Between the Lines1 Read the following sta

26、tements and then decide whether each of them is true or false based on the information in the text. Write T for True and F for False in the space provided before each  statement.1) T In order to catch the attention of potential learners, advertisements usually exaggerate(夸大)the fast pace and gr

27、eat ease of learning English. 2) T To be able to read the original works by great writers can be a motivation for people to learn the language of those great writers. 3) F People dont believe what advertisements say about language learning at all.(Lots of people must believe what advertise

28、ments say; otherwise, the advertisements would no longer exist.) 4) T Each individual teacher may have his or her unique way ofteaching a language. 5) F The only way to learn a language well is to go and live in acountry where it is spoken.(Living in a country where the target language is

29、spoken has advantages over many other methods.) 6) F Learning a language is just like how a parrot imitates a humanbeing.(Language learning must be meaningful. A parrot, however, makes meaningless noises by imitating human beings.) 2 Read the following sentences carefully and discuss in pa

30、irs what the author intends to say by the italicized parts.1) But it is difficult for anyone to explain in simple language why one method is better than another, and it is no use pretending that anyone has discovered a perfect way of teaching English in every possible situation. (Para. 2)There is no

31、 such thing as the best way of teaching English which suits all situations. 2) A large number of theorists seem to think it is a pity we arent, because it would make it easier to use their methods. (Para. 4)Many behaviorist theorists wish that human beings were just like parrots or chimpanzees,

32、 so that they could use their methods of teaching on human beings with ease. 3) Human beings, unlike parrots and chimpanzees, do not like making noises unless they understand what the noises mean and can relate them to their own lives. (Para. 5)Human beings are not like animals. When they talk,

33、 they make speech sounds that are meaningful and relevant to their lives. Task Three Voicing Your Views1)2) Is Chinese as difficult for a foreigner to learn as English is for a Chinese? Give reasons to support your view.Yes. Chinese is as difficult for a foreigner to learn as English is for a C

34、hinese. But for learners of a foreign language that belongs to the same language family as their mother tongue, some aspects may seem easier. But overall, all languages are equally difficult (or equally easy) to learn. 3) Do you think motivation is a very important factor in learning a foreignl

35、anguage? Are you highly motivated to learn English? Why or why not?Yes, it is. Motivation is always an important factor in learning a foreign language.Teachers may ask students to select some students in their class who are verygood in English and ask them to discuss if these students are motivated

36、or not inlearning English. Teachers may guide students to list all kinds of motivations intotwo general types: instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. 4) Do you believe what advertisements say about the fast pace and great easeof learning a foreign language? Why or why not? Che

37、cking Your VocabularyWord Detective1 Play detective and find the required word in Text B according to the clues given. Then, make at least two sentences with each of the words you have found. The number of the paragraph in which the target word appears is given in brackets.1) A verb meaning “to be w

38、orried, anxious, or concerned about sb. or sth.”: (Para. 3)Write down the target word here: carea. When her cat died, Mary did not seem to care at all.b. The only thing he cares about is money. That is why I dont like him. 2) A verb meaning “to fill with great surprise and perhaps disbelief”: (

39、Para. 6)Write down the target word here: astonisha. He was astonished to learn that he had won the first prize.b. My parents looked astonished when I told them the news. 3) A noun meaning “a journey, experience, etc. that is strange, exciting andoften dangerous”: (Para. 7)Write down the target

40、word here: adventurea. He spent almost two hours talking about his adventures in the Himalayas.b. We were all stunned by his adventures in the forest. 4) A noun meaning “the state of being mixed up or mistaken”: (Para. 5)Write down the target word here: confusiona. Theres still confusion about

41、the number of people who got killed in theaccident.b. There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost the game. 5) A noun meaning “a quick look at or an incomplete view of sb. / sth.”: (Para. 6)Write down the target word here: glimpsea. To catch a glimpse of their movie star, some of

42、the fans had waited 24hours outside the hotel before he showed up.b. I just caught a glimpse of the thief, so I cant really describe him now. 6) A noun meaning “a drawing or picture in a book, magazine, etc.especially one that explains sth.”: (Para. 6)Write down the target word here: illustrati

43、ona. She looked like a princess in a nineteenth-century illustration.b. As far as this book is concerned, the illustrations are better than the text itself. 7) A noun meaning “a number of copies of a book, newspaper, magazine, etc. that are produced and printed at one time”: (Para. 6)Write down

44、 the target word here: editiona. In his library he keeps some valuable first editions of well-known authors.b. The last edition of the newspaper comes out at midnight. 8) An adjective meaning “having or showing powers of learning, reasoning,or understanding, esp. to a high degree”: (Para. 4)Wri

45、te down the target word here: intelligenta. It is such an enjoyable experience to teach those intelligent boys and girls.b. He has read a lot and can ask intelligent questions and put forwardintelligent suggestions. 2 Rewrite each of the following sentences with a phrase that appears in Text B.

46、 Focus on the italicized parts. The number of the paragraph in which the target phrase appears is given in bracket.1) When I started learning English, I had some difficulty in pronouncing such sounds as /æ/ and /ai/. (Para. 1)When I started learning English, I had some trouble with such sounds

47、as /æ/ and /ai/. 2) We must protect our environment from pollution(污染)no matter what we have to do. (Para. 1)We must protect our environment from pollution at all costs. 3) Im glad that Ive finally freed myself from that annoying fellow. (Para. 1)Im glad to rid myself of that annoying

48、 fellow. 4) Youd better do it now, or you will feel sorry. Im serious about what I say. (Para. 4)Youd better do it now, or you will feel sorry. I mean every word of it. 5) Im assuming that the misunderstanding will be settled and an explanation will be given. (Para. 5)Im assuming that the

49、misunderstanding will be cleared up.  6) I said that he would be late for class, and as had been exactly expected, he did come to class 10 minutes late. (Para. 6)I said that he would be late for class, and sure enough he did come to class 10 minutes late. 7) As soon as he got hold of a boo

50、k about personality development, he started reading it keenly and whole-heartedly. (Para. 7)As soon as he got hold of a book about personality development, he dived into it. Checking Your Comprehension1 Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text B.1) Which grade were

51、the children in when John Holt was teaching them?No exact information is given in the text. The children must be at least fourth graders according to the clue in Para. 5 (not a hard book even for most third graders). 2) How many books are mentioned in the text? Arrange all the booksmentioned in

52、 the text according to their range of difficulty. Start withthe easiest one.Three.How the Grinch Stole Christmas National Velvet Moby Dick 3) Based on the information provided in the text, summarize what theteachers before John Holt might have said and done about reading andwhat John Holt actua

53、lly said and did about reading in his class. Writedown your answers in the space provided.What other teachers may haveWhat other teachers may have said and done about readinga. They might have emphasized understanding rather than reading for pleasure.b. They might have asked students questions to ch

54、eck if they understood the book they were reading or had read the book at all.c. They might have asked students to dig out every bit of meaning from what they were reading.d. They might have told students that once they started a book, they should finish reading it.e. They might have asked parents t

55、o check their childrens reading.f. They might have pushed students to read something equivalent to their level, which the students might find difficult to do.What John Holt said and did about readinga.     He encouraged students to read a lot, and read for pleasure.b.  

56、   He said that he would not check to see if the students understood the book they were reading.c.     He said that students could drop whatever they were reading if they were not interested.d.     He allowed students to make a choice as to what they

57、 should read.e.     He did not ask parents to check their childrens reading.f.      He allowed students to read what they were interested in and skip what they didnt like.g.     He said that students could start at a lower level and pr

58、ogress to a higher level at their own pace. 2 Give at least three suitable words to describe the feelings of the children when they heard what John Holt said about reading. Put the words in the space provided. 3 Write a short paragraph describing how the girl followed John Holts advice.The

59、 young girl mentioned in the text had had a hard time in her previous school and had recently moved to the school where John Holt was teaching. At John Holts suggestion, she started reading easier books like How the Grinch Stole Christmas and continued reading books on a similar level for a while. T

60、hen, following John Holts advice, she started reading a more difficult one, National Velvet. Very soon, to John Holts amazement, she was reading Moby Dick and she enjoyed it very much. Enhance Your Language AwarenessWords in ActionWorking with Words and Expressions1 2 In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following senten