自考英語(yǔ)二講義10

1、講義十Text A The Campaign for ElectionI.課文內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介美國(guó)的總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選每四年一次，獲勝者是在共和黨和民主黨兩個(gè)大黨中產(chǎn)生。因?yàn)榇簏h的候選人有著本黨忠實(shí)信徒支持這一關(guān)鍵的優(yōu)勢(shì)。總統(tǒng)候選人的活動(dòng)講究戰(zhàn)略，候選人想盡力突出表現(xiàn)自己強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的形象，但選民們是否接受他們則要看外在的因素而不是他們的個(gè)人魅力。候選人的策略受很多因素的影響，最重要的因素是在擁有人口最多的州取勝。Para. 1 The Democratic【democratic ,dem?'kr?tik,-k?ladj. 民主的；民主政治的；大眾的】 and the Republican【repub

2、lican ri'p?blik?nadj. 共和國(guó)的；共和政體的；共和主義的；擁護(hù)共和政體的n. 共和主義者】 parties【parties n. 當(dāng)事人；聚會(huì)；黨派；政黨機(jī)關(guān)；同行者（party的復(fù)數(shù)）】 play an important role in American government.Paras.2 - 6 Strategies【n.策略, 軍略 策略】 the candidates【n.候選人, 投考者 選擇物，候選(者)】 use in the election are various. 民主黨人 the Democrats 共和黨人 the Republicans

3、Jimmy Carter（1977 - 1981） Richard Nixon （1969 - 1974）Bill Clinton （1993 - 2001 ） Ronald Reagan （1981 - 1989）John Kerry 2004 VS Bush George Bush （1989 - 1993）George W. Bush （2001-）II.New Words1 election n. 選舉；選舉權(quán)2 presidential a.總統(tǒng)的，總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的3 winner n.獲勝者，優(yōu)勝者4 republican a./n.共和國(guó)的，共和黨的；R-共和黨黨員5 democrat

4、ic a.民主的，民主主義的6 nominee n.被提名者；被任命者7 vote n./vi.選舉，投票8 certainty n.一定；必定9 nomination n.提名，任命10 loyalty n.忠誠(chéng)，忠心11 decline vi./vt./n.下傾，下降；謝絕，拒絕12 democrat n.民主主義者；D-民主黨黨員13 voter n.選舉人，投票人 14 strategically ad.戰(zhàn)略上地，頗具策略地15 pursue vt. 追趕，追求16 impact n./vt.沖擊，碰撞；效果，影響17 headquarters n. 司令部，指揮部18 economy

5、 n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)；節(jié)約19 strategist n.戰(zhàn)略家20 rating n.等級(jí)，規(guī)格21 poll n./vt./vi.選舉，投票；民意測(cè)驗(yàn)；得到選票22 stir vt./vi.攪拌，攪動(dòng)23 strategy n.戰(zhàn)略，策略24 constitutional a.憲法上規(guī)定的，組成的25 provision n.供應(yīng)，供應(yīng)品26 electoral a.選舉的27 representation n.描寫，表現(xiàn)，代表28 congress n.大會(huì)，國(guó)會(huì)29 House n.議院30 district n.區(qū)，行政區(qū)31 representative n./a.代表，代表人；典型的，有

6、代表性的32 presidency n.總統(tǒng)職務(wù)33 overwhelming a.壓倒之勢(shì)的詞組：1 to stand no chance沒(méi)有可能；沒(méi)有希望2 to identify as把看成3 impact on對(duì)之影響be concerned with / about關(guān)心，關(guān)注詞匯精講：1.election： n. 選舉，選舉權(quán)派生詞：elect v. 選舉When does the election take place？ 選舉什么時(shí)候舉行？Trade union representatives are chosen by election. 工會(huì)代表是通過(guò)選舉產(chǎn)生的。2.presi

7、dential a.總統(tǒng)的，總統(tǒng)職務(wù)的3.winner n. 獲勝者，優(yōu)勝者4.republican a./n. 共和國(guó)的，共和黨的；R-共和黨黨員5.democratic a.民主的，民主主義的6.nominee n. 被提名者；被任命者7.vote：n./vi. 選舉，投票voter： n. 選舉人，選民In some countries women got the vote after World War I. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，在一些國(guó)家，婦女贏得了選舉權(quán)。We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue. 我們召集會(huì)議

8、就這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行表決。The committee voted on the proposal， and accepted it unanimously.委員會(huì)就這一提議進(jìn)行表決并一致通過(guò)。8.certainty n. 一定；必定9.nomination n.提名，任命10.loyalty：n. 忠誠(chéng)，忠心派生詞：loyal a. 忠誠(chéng)的，忠心的I am convinced of your loyalty to the cause. 我確信你對(duì)事業(yè)的忠誠(chéng)。We all have a loyalty to the company. 我們對(duì)公司都很忠心。Dogs are loyal to their

9、owners. 狗對(duì)主人很忠誠(chéng)。11.decline：v. / n. 謝絕，拒絕；下降I had to decline his invitation because I had another appointment.我不得不謝絕他的邀請(qǐng)，因?yàn)槲伊碛屑s會(huì)。His health has notably declined. 他的健康狀況明顯下降。His hearing sensitivity declines with age. 他的聽(tīng)力因年老而衰退。12.democrat n. 民主主義者；D-民主黨黨員13.voter n. 選舉人，投票人14.strategically ad. 戰(zhàn)略上地，頗

10、具策略地15.pursue：vt. 追趕，追求派生詞：pursuit n. 追趕The police pursued the wrong car. 警察追錯(cuò)了一輛汽車。I dont want to pursue that question now. 我現(xiàn)在不想繼續(xù)討論那個(gè)問(wèn)題。He has made up his mind to pursue studies for a masters degree. 他已決心攻讀碩士研究生。16.impact n./vt. 沖擊，碰撞；效果，影響17.headquarters n. 司令部，指揮部18.economy： n. 經(jīng)濟(jì) ， 節(jié)省派生詞：econo

11、mic a. 經(jīng)濟(jì)的；economical a. 經(jīng)濟(jì)的，節(jié)儉的19.strategist n.戰(zhàn)略家20.rating n. 等級(jí)，規(guī)格21.poll n./vt./vi. 選舉，投票；民意測(cè)驗(yàn)；得到選票22.stir：v. 攪動(dòng)，激發(fā)The story stirred the boys imagination. 這個(gè)故事激發(fā)了那男孩的想象力。She was stirring at her coffee. 她當(dāng)時(shí)在攪咖啡。The return of Hong Kong created a great stir in all countries of the world.香港回歸在世界各地引起

12、了很大的震動(dòng)。23.strategy： n. 策略，戰(zhàn)略派生詞：strategist n. 戰(zhàn)略家；strategically ad. 戰(zhàn)略上地A competentadj.有能力的, 勝任的 general is skilled in strategy. 一個(gè)稱職的將軍是善于制定戰(zhàn)略的。By careful strategy， she obtained a considerable pay rise.在精心策劃之后，她獲得了大幅度的加薪。24.constitutional a. 憲法上規(guī)定的，組成的25.provision n. 供應(yīng)，供應(yīng)品26.electoral a. 選舉的27.rep

13、resentation n. 描寫，表現(xiàn)，代表28.congress n. 大會(huì)，國(guó)會(huì)29.House n.議院30.district n. 區(qū)，行政區(qū)31.representative：n./ a 代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性的派生詞：represent v. 代表 representation n.表現(xiàn)，代表Many representatives of the older generation were there. 老一輩的各類代表都在那里。Is a questionnaire answered by 500 people truly representative of nation

14、al opinion？一份有500 人作答的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷是否能真正代表全國(guó)人民的意見(jiàn)？32.presidency n. 總統(tǒng)職務(wù)33.overwhelming a. 壓倒之勢(shì)的詞組 ：phrases1.to stand no chance 沒(méi)有可能，沒(méi)有希望He stands no chance of winning the election. 他沒(méi)有希望在選舉中獲勝。to stand a chance 有可能，有希望He stands a good chance of passing the examination. 他考試及格很有希望。2.to identify as： 把 看成，確認(rèn)He a

15、lways identifies himself as one of the commoners.他總是把自己看成是普通大眾的一員。Do you identify yourself as an optimist or a pessimist？你把自己看成是樂(lè)觀主義者還是悲觀主義者？I identified the stolen recorder as mine. 我認(rèn)為那個(gè)被偷的錄音機(jī)是我的。3.impact on： 對(duì)的影響The book made a great impact on its readers.這本書對(duì)讀者產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。The invention and applicat

16、ion of computer exert a great impact on modern industry.電腦的發(fā)明和應(yīng)用對(duì)現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。III.課文精講The Campaign for ElectionAlthough presidential elections occur every 4 years， many people feel that they do not have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate.The winner in the November general elec

17、tion【n.大選】 is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee【n.被提名的人, 被任命者】.A minor-party or independent candidate【n.候選人, 投考者 選擇物，候選(者)】， such as George Wallace in 1968， John Anderson in 1980， or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996， can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but

18、 stands almost no chance of defeating them.1.此句中，be certain to do sth. 表示“一定會(huì)做某事”。例：He is certain to agree with the plan. 他肯定會(huì)同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃的?！癳ither or”表示“或者或者”。此句的意思：“11月大選的獲勝者幾乎可以肯定不是共和黨就是民主黨提名的候選人?！?.在本句中，“draw away from ”表示“把從拉走；吸引開(kāi)”例如：The on-going performance outside the classroom drew the students at

19、tention away from their books. 教室外面正在進(jìn)行的表演把學(xué)生的注意力從書本上吸引開(kāi)了。此句意思：“小黨派或獨(dú)立候選人，如1968年的喬治·華萊士、1980年的約翰·安德森，或者1992年和1996年的羅斯·佩羅等，可能會(huì)從大黨的提名人那里拉走一些選票，但幾乎沒(méi)有人可能戰(zhàn)勝他們?！薄皊tand almost no chance of 。”表示“幾乎沒(méi)有可能”。A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. Earli

20、er in the twentieth century， this support was so firm and steady【adj.穩(wěn)固的, 穩(wěn)定的, 堅(jiān)定的, 扎實(shí)的, 堅(jiān)定不移的v.(使)穩(wěn)定, (使)穩(wěn)固【修】穩(wěn)定】 that the victory【victory 'viktrin. 勝利；克服；成功】 of the stronger partys candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination【n.任命】 at his Ohio hom

21、e， stayed there throughout most of the campaign， and won a full victory simply because most of the voters【voters n. 投票者列表；選民，投票人（voter的復(fù)數(shù)）】 of his time were Republicans. Party loyalty【n.忠誠(chéng), 忠心】 has declined【vi.下傾, 下降, 下垂v.拒絕, 衰落n.下傾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰敗, 衰落】 in recent【recent 'ri:sntadj. 最近的；近代的】

22、decades【n.十年, 十】， but more than two-thirds of the nations voters still identify【identify ai'dentifaivt. 識(shí)別；確定；使參與；把看成一樣vi. 認(rèn)同；一致；確定】 themselves as Democrats or Republicans， and most of them support their partys presidential candidate【校長(zhǎng)候選人】. Even Democrat George McGovern， who had the lowest leve

23、l of party support among recent nominees， was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his partys voters.3.這是由三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)加一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成的復(fù)合句。沃倫·G·哈定在他俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和黨的提名，而且競(jìng)選期間他多數(shù)時(shí)間是呆在家里。他最終大獲全勝僅僅是因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)時(shí)期多數(shù)選民是共和黨成員。Presidential candidates act strategically【adv.戰(zhàn)略上】. In deciding whether to pursue【pur

24、sue p'sju:, -'su:vt. 從事；追趕；繼續(xù)；糾纏vi. 追趕；繼續(xù)進(jìn)行】 a course of action【做法，行動(dòng)過(guò)程；一連串行動(dòng)】， they try to estimate【estimate 'estimeitvi. 估計(jì)，估價(jià)n. 估計(jì)，估價(jià)；判斷，看法vt. 估計(jì)，估量；判斷，評(píng)價(jià)】 its likely impact on the voters. During the 1992 campaign， a sign on the wall of Clintons headquarters【headquarters ,hed'kw:t

25、zn. 總部；司令部；指揮部】 in Little Rock read， “The Economy， Stupid.” The slogan【slogan 'slunn. 標(biāo)語(yǔ)；吶喊聲】 was the idea of James Carville， Clintons chief strategist【n.戰(zhàn)略家】， and was meant as a reminder【reminder ri'maindn. 暗示；提醒的人/物；催單】 to the candidate and the staff【staff st:f, stæfn. 職員；支撐；參謀；棒adj.

26、行政工作的；職員的vt. 供給人員；給配備職員vi. 雇用工作人員】 to keep the campaign focused on【集中】 the nations slow-moving economy【economy i'knmin. 節(jié)約；經(jīng)濟(jì)；理財(cái)】， which ultimately【ultimately adv. 最后；根本；基本上】 was the issue【issue 'iju:, 'isju:n. 流出；發(fā)行物；問(wèn)題；期號(hào)vt. 發(fā)行，發(fā)布；放出，排出；發(fā)給vi. 發(fā)行；流出；造成結(jié)果；傳下】 that defeated Bush. As in 19

27、80， when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough【tough tfadj. 堅(jiān)韌的，牢固的；艱苦的，困難的；強(qiáng)壯的，結(jié)實(shí)的；堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的，不屈不撓的n. 惡棍vt. 忍受，忍耐；堅(jiān)持adv. 強(qiáng)硬地，頑強(qiáng)地】 economic times， the voters were motivated【motivated 'mutiveitidadj. 有動(dòng)機(jī)的；有積極性的v. 使產(chǎn)生動(dòng)機(jī)；激發(fā)的積極性（motivate的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞）】 largely by a desire for change.4.在本句中，deciding 作

28、介詞in 的賓語(yǔ)；in deciding作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表示：“在做某事的過(guò)程中”whether to pursue a course of action是一個(gè)帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)，作動(dòng)名詞deciding 的賓語(yǔ)；表示：“在決定是否遵循某一行動(dòng)方針時(shí)”。to estimate its likely impact on the voters 是不定式短語(yǔ)作try 的賓語(yǔ)，其中impact on 是一個(gè)名詞詞組，意為“對(duì)的影響”。全句意思：“在決定是否遵循某一項(xiàng)行動(dòng)方針時(shí)，他們要盡量估計(jì)一下該方針對(duì)選民可能具有的影響?！?.該句是由and 連接兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)加上一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成的復(fù)合句。which 引

29、導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾economy ， 屬非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，只起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。that 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the issue此句意思：“這一口號(hào)是克林頓的總戰(zhàn)略家詹姆斯·卡維爾的主意，其用意是想提醒候選人及總部人員始終把競(jìng)選的注意力集中在本國(guó)緩慢發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)上。而這一點(diǎn)正是最終擊敗布什的問(wèn)題?！?.在此句中 as in 1980 是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，as 的意思是“正如”。when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times 是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾1980.正如1980年在經(jīng)濟(jì)艱難時(shí)期吉米·卡特?cái)∨c

30、羅納德·里根時(shí)那樣，選民很大程度上是被他們想變革的欲望調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái)的。Candidates try to project a strong leadership【leadership 'li:dip. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力】 image. Whether voters accept this image， however， depends more on external factors【外界因素】 than on a candidates personal characteristics. In 1991， after the Gulf War， Bushs approval r

31、ating reached 91 percent， the highest level recorded【已記錄的】 since polling【polling 'pulin. 投票；輪詢v. 獲得票（poll的ing形式）】 began in the 1930s. A year later， with the nations economy in trouble， Bushs approval【approval 'pru:vln. 贊成；批準(zhǔn)；認(rèn)可】 rating【rating n. 等級(jí)；等級(jí)評(píng)定；額定功率v. 對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)（rate的ing形式）】 dropped below

32、40 percent. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war， but voters remained concerned about the economy. 7.本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，“whether voters accept this image” 是主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)。此句意思：“然而選民們是否接受這一形象則更取決于外在因素而不是候選人的個(gè)人特征。”8.句中the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s 是91 percent 的同

33、位語(yǔ)。recorded 是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the highest level.此句意思：“1991年海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后，布什的支持率達(dá)到91%，這是自20世紀(jì)30年代開(kāi)始民意測(cè)驗(yàn)以來(lái)的最高記錄。”9.句中with the nations economy in trouble.作伴隨狀語(yǔ)“一年以后，隨著國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入困境，布什的支持率則下降到40%以下。”“ with + 名詞 + 介詞詞組/形容詞/分詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)常在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨條件或原因等舉例： with + 名詞+ 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞He didnt take part in the party， with his mother being

34、ill. 因?yàn)樗麐寢尣×耍运麤](méi)有參加晚會(huì)。with +名詞+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞With all the housework done， she went shopping. 干完了所有的家務(wù)后，她便去購(gòu)物。with + 名詞+形容詞With the window open， he fell asleep. 他開(kāi)著窗戶睡著了。with + 名詞+ 介詞The lecturer walked in with a file under his arm. 演講者掖下夾著一個(gè)文件走了進(jìn)來(lái)。He went out with no hat on. 他沒(méi)戴帽子出去了。10.句中remained是系動(dòng)詞，conc

35、erned about the economy 是表語(yǔ)。“布什試圖重振其戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者形象，但選民們始終關(guān)心的是經(jīng)濟(jì)?！盩he candidates strategies are shaped【vbl.成形,發(fā)展】 by many considerations， including the constitutional【constitutional ,knsti'tju:nladj. 憲法的；體質(zhì)上的；本質(zhì)的；保健的n. 保健散步；保健運(yùn)動(dòng)】 provision that each state shall have electoral【electoral i'lektr

36、ladj. 選舉的；選舉人的】 votes equal in number to its representation【representation ,reprizen'teinn. 表現(xiàn)；陳述；表示法；代表】 in Congress. Each state thus【thus ðsadv. 因此；這樣；從而；如此conj. 因此n. 乳香】 gets two electoral votes for its Senate【senate 'senitn. 參議院，上院；（古羅馬的）元老院】 representation and a varying number of e

37、lectoral votes depending on its House representation. Altogether， there are 538 electoral votes （including three for the District of Columbia， even though it has no voting representatives in Congress【congress 'kres, kn'resn. 國(guó)會(huì)；會(huì)議；代表大會(huì)；社交】）。 To win the presidency【n.任期】， a candidate must rece

38、ive at least 270 votes【votes v. 投票；提倡（vote的第三人稱單數(shù)形式）n. 選票；選舉；得票數(shù)（vote的復(fù)數(shù)形式）】， an electoral majority【majority m'dritin. 多數(shù)；律成年】. 11.including the constitutional【constitutional ,knsti'tju:nladj. 憲法的；體質(zhì)上的；本質(zhì)的；保健的n. 保健散步；保健運(yùn)動(dòng)】 provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number

39、to its representation in Congress. 分詞短語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。其中that引導(dǎo)的是provision同位語(yǔ)從句，equal in number to its representation in Congress 是形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾 votes ，短語(yǔ)的譯文“包括憲法的這一條款：每個(gè)州具有的選舉人票數(shù)與其在國(guó)會(huì)中的代表人數(shù)相同?！?2.To win the presidency， 是全句的目的狀語(yǔ)，an electoral majority 是270 votes 的同位語(yǔ)要贏得總統(tǒng)席位，候選人必須至少獲得270票，即選票的大多數(shù)。Candidates

40、 are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population， such as California （with 54 electoral votes）， New York （33）， Texas （32）， Florida （25）， Pennsylvania （23）， Illinois （22）， and Ohio （21）。 Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majorit

41、y， and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states. Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992， compared with Bushs 38 percent and Perots 19 percent； but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming【adj.壓倒性的, 無(wú)法抵抗的】 370 electoral vo

42、tes， compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.13.句中which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾states， 意為“人口最多的州”候選人特別關(guān)注人口最多的幾個(gè)州的州選舉中獲勝14.句意為：“僅在這11個(gè)最大的州獲勝就可以獲得選舉的多數(shù)” 事實(shí)上，在11個(gè)最大的州同時(shí)獲勝幾乎是不可能的，因此本句用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣 would providealone 是形容詞，用于名詞或代詞后，意為“僅僅，只”例： You alone can do it .只有你能作這事。Time alone will show who was right. 只有時(shí)間能表明誰(shuí)對(duì)。Text

43、 B The American Tow-party SystemI.New Words1.contest n.1.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，比賽；2.爭(zhēng)奪，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；3.爭(zhēng)論，爭(zhēng)辯2.rivalry n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；對(duì)抗rival n.對(duì)手 v. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)There is great rivalry between the two sisters. 這兩姐妹競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈。3.dozen n.1.一打，十二個(gè)；2.十來(lái)個(gè)，十幾個(gè)4.nominate vt.1.提名；2.任命；3.命名5.collectively ad.總體地；集體地6.electorate n.全體選民；選區(qū)7.inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地8.do

44、minance n.優(yōu)勢(shì)，控制，統(tǒng)治dominant a. 優(yōu)勢(shì)的，占統(tǒng)治地位的； dominate v. 統(tǒng)治，控制This country has long been the dominant military power in the region.這是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)在該地區(qū)占統(tǒng)治地位的軍事強(qiáng)國(guó)。9.assault n.1.攻擊，襲擊；2.（軍）沖擊，突擊，強(qiáng)擊10.parliamentary a.議會(huì)的，國(guó)會(huì)的11.congressman（復(fù)congressmen） n.（美）國(guó)會(huì)議員12.statistically ad.在統(tǒng)計(jì)方面13.dominant a.占優(yōu)勢(shì)的；支配的14.ma

45、jority n.1.多數(shù)，大半；2.多數(shù)黨，多數(shù)派major a. 多數(shù)的；反義詞： minority少數(shù)， 少數(shù)黨15.automatically ad.自動(dòng)地；習(xí)慣性地petitor n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者；對(duì)手compete v. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)； competition n. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，比賽； competitive a. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，對(duì)抗的17.running n.1.跑，賽跑；2.競(jìng)選18.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然（發(fā)生）的19.peaceful a.1.平靜的，安寧的；2.和平的，和平方式的20 transfer vt.1.轉(zhuǎn)移，傳輸；2.調(diào)動(dòng)；3.改變vi. 1.轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)；2.換車；換

46、船n.轉(zhuǎn)移，傳輸，變換21.overturn vt./n.1.打翻，使翻過(guò)來(lái)；2.推翻，顛覆，毀滅vi. 翻身；倒下22.foolproof a.1.連傻子都懂的；2.不會(huì)出毛病的；3.有安全裝置的23.monopoly n.壟斷；專賣24.opposition n.1.反對(duì)，反抗；2.對(duì)立，意見(jiàn)相反25.monopolize v. 壟斷；專賣26.moderation n.1.溫和，適度；2.緩和，減輕27.legislation n.1.立法；2.法律，法規(guī)28.temporarily ad.暫時(shí)地，臨時(shí)地Phrases and Expressions1.to break up 打碎；結(jié)束

47、；驅(qū)散；散開(kāi)；分解2.in the running 參賽，參加競(jìng)選3.in power 掌權(quán)的，執(zhí)政的4.out of power 喪失權(quán)力5.in favour of 1.贊成，支持；2.為的利益，有利于；3.支付給6.to come into power 上臺(tái)；開(kāi)始掌權(quán)7.to carry on 1.經(jīng)營(yíng)，進(jìn)行；2.繼續(xù)詞組：1.to break up： 打碎，結(jié)束The ship broke up on the rocks. 輪船觸礁撞毀了。The party didnt break up until midnight. 宴會(huì)到午夜才結(jié)束。相關(guān)詞匯：to break down 損壞，（精

48、神、健康）垮下來(lái)to break into 強(qiáng)行闖入to break out 爆發(fā)，突然出現(xiàn)2.in favour of ： 贊成，支持；有利于Most people are in favour of the newly-elected president. 大多數(shù)人支持新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)。The council has voted in favour of a $200 million housing development. 參議會(huì)投票通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)兩億美元的住宅開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃。3.to carry on： 經(jīng)營(yíng)，進(jìn)行；繼續(xù)He began to carry on the leather business

49、 last year. 他去年開(kāi)始經(jīng)營(yíng)皮革生意。You just have to carry on as if nothings happened. 你們接著干吧，就當(dāng)什么事也沒(méi)發(fā)生。They decided to carry on in spite of the weather. 他們決定不管天氣好壞都繼續(xù)下去。II.課文分析The American Tow-party SystemNo one now living in the United Sates can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the R

50、epublican parties. It has been going on for more than a century， making it one of the oldest political rivalries【n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng), 競(jìng)賽, 敵對(duì), 敵對(duì)狀態(tài)】 in the world.1.No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest【n.論爭(zhēng), 競(jìng)賽v.,爭(zhēng)論, 爭(zhēng)辯, 競(jìng)賽, 爭(zhēng)奪】 began between the Democratic and the Republican parties.

51、 （para.1）living in the United States是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾one.when 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句2.It has been going on for more than a century， making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the world. （para.1）1） has been going on 用的是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。2） making 是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，其中oldest 是形容詞最高級(jí)的形式The American political system is a classical examp

52、le of the two-party system. When we say that we have a tow-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties. Usually about a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates. We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties and a number of small parties， an

53、d the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5per cent of the vote cast in national elections.The Democratic and Republican parties are the largest and most competitive【adj.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的】 organizations in the American community. Th

54、ey organize the electorate【n.選民, 選區(qū), 有選舉權(quán)者】 very simply by maintaining【保護(hù)，維護(hù)】 the two-parry system Americans almost inevitably【adv.不可避免】 become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go. Moreover【adv.而且, 此外】， because the rivalry【rivalry 'raivlrin. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；競(jìng)賽；對(duì)抗】

55、of these parties is very old， most Americans know where they belong in the system As a consequence of the dominance【n.優(yōu)勢(shì), 統(tǒng)治 控制；優(yōu)勢(shì)】 of the Democrats. Attempts【n.努力, 嘗試, 企圖vt.嘗試, 企圖】 to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years， but the syste

56、m has survived all assaults【assault 's:ltn. 攻擊；襲擊vt. 襲擊；攻擊vi. 襲擊；動(dòng)武】.3.Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years， but the system has survived all assaults. （para.3）Attempt 后面的 “to break up this old system” 是動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，修飾attempt.此句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。make attempt to do sth. 表示“企圖，打算做某事”。How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in【v.來(lái)源于】 American politics？ The explanation is probably to be found in the way elections are conducted. In the United