并列句和復合句

1、 一對一授課教案 學員姓名：張栗豪 年級： 所授科目： 上課時間： 年 月 日 時 分至 時 分 共 小時老師簽名學生簽名教學主題考點教學法教學對應考點并列句和復合句考點掌握情況優(yōu)秀（%） 良好（%）較差（%）上次作業(yè)檢查布置時間：（ ） 作業(yè)內(nèi)容完成比例正確率 好（%）一般（%）馬虎（%） 本次上課表現(xiàn)本次作業(yè)考點十五 并列句和復合句并列句一、并列句的構(gòu)成：并列句是由并列連詞and，but，or，for，so等把兩個或兩個以上互不依從，但意思緊密聯(lián)系的簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句。二、并列句的分類：1. 表示同等關(guān)系的并列句 這類并列句常用并列連詞and連接

2、前后簡單句，and常譯為“和”、“并且”，也可不譯出來。例如：He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜歡踢足球，并且踢得很好。  Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凱特相遇，我們成了朋友。   2. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句 這類并列句常用并列連詞but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等連接前后簡單句，but常譯為“但是”，“可是”，切不可與從屬連詞though或although一起使用。例如： It has no

3、 mouth, but it can talk. 它沒有嘴巴，但是它會說話。  School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.學校放學了，可是老師們?nèi)匀辉诠ぷ?。He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想當作家，而我則想當科學家。It's raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大，然而我們必須出去。  3. 表示選擇關(guān)系的并列句 這類并列句常用并列連詞or(或者，否則)等連接前后簡單

4、句。or有兩重含義：  (1)譯為“或者”，表示選擇。例如： Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema現(xiàn)在你可以休息，或者去看電影。(2)譯為“否則”、“要不然”，表示條件。例如： You must tell the truth，or you will be punished你必須說真話，否則你將會受到懲罰。  4. 表示因果關(guān)系的并列句這類并列句常用并列連詞for，so等連接前后簡單句。(1)for在意義上與從屬連詞because，since和as相同，但它們引導的是原因狀語從句，而for則連接兩簡單句，前者表

5、示結(jié)果，后者表示原因。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：簡單句(結(jié)果)+for+簡單句(原因)。例如：He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有許多好朋友，因為他是個誠實的男子漢。(2)so意為“因此”、“所以”，但不能與because同時出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中。因為because是從屬連詞，而是并列連詞，用來連接并列句。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：簡單句(原因)  +so牛簡單句(結(jié)果)。例如：Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead李老師回家鄉(xiāng)去了，所以王老師替二課。

6、5. 其他形式的并列句(1)“祈使句+and+簡單句”。其中祈使句表示一個條件，并列連詞and引導的簡單句則表示一個較好的結(jié)果，謂語常用一般將來時。例如：Use your head, and you will find away動腦筋，你就會想出辦法來。(2)“祈使句+or+簡單句”。祈使句表示一個條件，并列連詞or后的簡單句則表示一個不愉快或不理想的結(jié)果。例如：Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others努力學習，否則你就會落于別人。(3)“either.or”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“不是就是”，“或者或者”，例如：Either my uncle can d

7、o it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事，或者我嬸嬸也可以做。習慣上將兩個句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.(4) “not onlybut also”意思為“不僅而且”，例如：not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不僅學生，而且他們的老師都誤了校車。(5) “neithernor”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“既不也不”，“兩者都不”，用法與either or,not on

8、ly but also相同。三、使用并列句要注意的幾種情況1. 并列句有時可不用連詞，而用分號隔開(前后句之間的關(guān)系須相當緊密)。例如：We fished all day; we didn't catch a fish.我們釣了一天的魚，一條魚也沒釣到。2. 并列連詞后的簡單句如果與其前的簡單句有相同的部分，則相同的部分常可省略。例如：My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父親在工廠工作，母親在學校工作。3. 由so, nor, neither連接的并列句，后一簡單句為避免重復,其成份常倒裝并省略一些。例如：He

9、 is not a student, nor am I. 他不是學生,我也不是。Beibei can swim, so can I. 貝貝會游泳,我也會。例題一：Work hard, _ you will pass the during test.A. or B. but C. because D. and解析：“努力學習”，“你就會通過駕駛考試”，兩者之間是并列關(guān)系，應用句式“祈使句+and+簡單句”。所以答案為D。例題二： Stop cutting trees, _ the earth will become worse and worse. A. and   

10、; B. then    C but      D. or解析：根據(jù)句意，前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，應用句式“祈使句+or+簡單句”。所以答案為D例題三：Bill put his hands behind his back, _ nobody could see his hands. A. so    B. and    C. or    D. but解析：從上下文可知nobody could see his hands的原因是Bill

11、 put his hands behind his back，所以應該用so來表示結(jié)果。所以答案為A。例題四： Neither you nor I _ from Canada. We are from Australia. A. is    B. are    C. am    D. be解析：“neithernor”結(jié)構(gòu)意為“既不也不”，“兩者都不”，連接主語時，謂語動詞應與其鄰近的主語保持一致。所以答案為C。例題五：We get knowledge _from books _from life. Ye

12、s, both are important. A. either；or     B. not only；but also    C neither；nor    D. not；but解析：根據(jù)句子的邏輯意思，本題應該選B?！皀ot onlybut also”意為“不僅而且”，用于連接兩個并列的內(nèi)容，做主語、謂語、賓語、表語、狀語等。所以答案為B。練習一1. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese,       

13、he can't understand the instructions on the bottle Of the pills. A. so    B. or    C. but    D. for2What was your brother doing at this time yesterday? He was reading a magazine _ I was writing an e-mail at home.A. as soon as B. after C. untilD. while

14、3. Mom, shall we have supper now?Oh, we wont have supper _ your dad comes back. A. until B. since C. while D. after4. Keep off the drugs（毒品）, you and your family will be in great danger? A. and B. or C. but D. so5.         Lily      Lucy may go

15、with you because one of them must stay at home.A. Not only; but also    B. Neither; nor C. Both; and        D. Either; or6. You'd better take the map with you you won't get lost, A. as long as B. as soon as C. now that D. so that7. _ Amy like

16、s to go to the cinema, but she doesnt like to see horror films. A. Since B. As C. Though D. 不填8. Would you like to go for a walk with me, Allen?I'd love to, _you don't want to go alone.A. until B. before C. if D. after9. He had to retire(退休) early _ poor health.A. as a resultB. because C. so

17、D. because of10. - Mom, when shall we go to Weifang Museum this weekend? - Oh, sorry. I'm going to Beijing for a meeting. _ Saturday _. Sunday is OK.A. Neither, nor B. Both, and C. Either, or D. Not only, but also復合句復合句主要有：賓語從句、狀語從句和定語從句。其它諸如主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等形式的復合句盡管在教材中也有出現(xiàn)，但在中考中沒有被列為重點考查范圍。.賓語從

18、句 賓語從句是英語中用來充當賓語的句子。帶有賓語從句的那個句子叫主句。賓語從句一般由“引導詞+主語+謂語+其它”構(gòu)成，其語序是陳述句語序。A)    that主句的謂語動詞是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等時，或主句的謂語動詞是由形容詞afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，后面常接that引導的賓語從句。e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.I

19、m sorry (that) he isnt here right now.1.      that 的省略：that 引導的賓語從句用來陳述事實，that本身無詞義，在從句中不作任何成分，在口語中或非正式文體中常?？杀皇÷?。e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it. Im afraid (that) youll have to wait.2.      賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/beli

20、eve等時，從句中的否定習慣上要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。如：我認為雞不會游泳。誤：I think chickens can not swim.正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情況在變成反意疑問句時，附加疑問句要看從句，如果主句的主語不是第一人稱，則附加疑問句要看主句。試比較：I think he is wrong, isnt he?He thinks he is right, doesnt he?B)    if/whetherif/whether都可作賓語從句的引導詞，意為“是否”，在一般情況下可以互換。if多用于口語和非正式文

21、體中，whether則多用于比較正式的文體中。e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English. I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.注意：只用whether的六種情況：1.      在帶to的動詞不定式前He doesnt know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.2.      在介詞后Im th

22、inking of whether we should go fishing.3.      直接與or not連用時I dont know whether or not they will come to help us.4.      在動詞discuss后面的賓語從句中We discussed whether would have a sports meeting next wek.5.      賓語從句提前時只能用whetherWhet

23、her this is true or not, I cant say.6.      引導位于句首的主語從句或表語從句用whetherWhether he is right or wrong is a question.C) 連接代詞和連接副詞一、構(gòu)成： 1. 賓語從句可由連接代詞what, who, whom, which等引導，它們在賓語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語等，因此不能省略。 Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主語) Did you hear what he said? （

24、作賓語） I dont know whose that is. （作表語） Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作gate的定語） 2. 賓語從句可由連接副詞when, where, how, why等引導，它們在賓語從句中作狀語，不可省略。We didnt know when she would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?No one knows why she is late again.二、難點：1. 避免重復出現(xiàn)連接代詞或連接副詞；

25、e.g. *I cant see that what is over there. （應去掉that）2. 從句中的語序為陳述語序；e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (應改為：how old she is)3. 從句中的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)前后呼應。e.g. *She didnt tell me when she will come. (應改為：when she would come)三、轉(zhuǎn)換： 由連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句可用疑問代詞和疑問副詞動詞不定式替代，進行句型上的轉(zhuǎn)換。e.g. Ive no idea what were going to do ne

26、xt. = Ive no idea what to do next.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?難點：賓語從句的時態(tài)主句中謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)不受限制，可根據(jù)具體情況選用適當?shù)臅r態(tài)；主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句中也必須要用某種過去時態(tài)，以保持時態(tài)的前后呼應。特別要注意的是當賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、科學原理、自然現(xiàn)象、名言時，則用一般現(xiàn)在時，不受主句時態(tài)的限制。試比較：He says that h

27、e wants to see him as soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.例題一： Excuse me. Could you tell me ? It will leave at 4:00 p.m. A. how will you g

28、o Shanghai B. how you will go to Shanghai C. when will the bus leave for Shanghai D. When the bus will leave for Shanghai解析：考查賓語從句。從答句知問的應該是時間，排除A和B .又因為賓語從句必須用陳述語序，故選D。例題二：Could you tell me _? You can take No. 16 bus. A. how can we get to the Olympic ParkB. how we can get to the Olympic ParkC. how

29、did we get to the Olympic ParkD. how we got to the Olympic Park 解析：賓語從句。特殊疑問句做賓語從句時，用陳述語序；可排除A、C；根據(jù)答語可知問句用一般現(xiàn)在時，可排除D；故B為正確答案。練習二1. I dont think he will come here on time, ? A. wont he B. will he C. does he D. is he2. Will you please tell me ? A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport wasC

30、. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built3. Its not polite to ask people in England. A. how much money you have got B. what the weather is likeC. what your city looks like D. how old are you4. I wonder if he tonight. If he , Ill let you know. A. will come; will come B. come

31、s; comesC. will come; comes D. comes; will come5. I cant say I want to see him again. We havent seen each other for nearly three years. A. how long B. how soon C. how often D. how much6. Mr. Green told me that he on a trip next Sunday. A. are going B. was going C. will go D. would going7. Our geogra

32、phy teacher told us that Japan the east of China. A. is in B. was in C. is to D. was to8. Nobody knows hell come or not. A. that B. if C. / D. whether.狀語從句狀語從句是副詞性從句，其句法功能是修飾謂語或整個句子等，在句中作狀語，通常由從屬連詞引導。A)    時間狀語從句1) when 表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時或先后發(fā)生，意為“當.時”。e.g. When you get off the bus, you m

33、ustnt push others.2) before 表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之前，意為“在之前”。 e.g. Dont say anything before you look at the picture.3) after 表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后，意為“在之后”。 e.g. They talked about the party after the people left.4) until 表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之前，意為“直到為止”。主句用肯定式，謂語是延續(xù)性的動詞，表示動作一直延續(xù)到until所表示的時間為止 e.g. I will wait unti

34、l he comes. 注意：until 用于否定句時，主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之前，并且謂語動詞是非延續(xù)性動詞，表示某一動作到until所表示的時間才發(fā)生。notuntill意為“直到才”。 e.g. She wont go to bed until she finishes her homework.5) as soon as 表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后，意為“一就”。 e.g. My brother went out as soon as I got home.注意: 在時間狀語從句中，主句和從句之間的時態(tài)應按下列規(guī)律確定。1) 主句一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時：e.g. T

35、he boy will be a writer when he grows up.2) 主句含有情態(tài)動詞，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時：e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.3) 主句為祈使句時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時：e.g. Please dont go to bed before you finish your homework.4) 主句為一般過去時，從句也用過去時態(tài)：e.g. I liked reading when I was young.B)   地點狀語從句1) wheree.g. Put the m

36、edicine where you can easily get it.2) wherevere.g. Ill go wherever you go.C)   方式狀語從句1) ase.g. Ill do all the things as you told me.2) as if/though可用陳述語氣表示符合事實的情況，也可用虛擬語氣表示與事實相反的情況e.g. It looks as if its going to rain. He looks as if he were young.3) the waye.g. I dont like the way h

37、e talks.D)   原因狀語從句1) becausebecause語氣最強，它著重說明原因。用why提問的問句必須用because回答，不能用as, since；e.g.-Why didnt he come? -Because he was ill.2) sincesince語氣比較弱，表示關(guān)系上的自然結(jié)果，尤其用于對已經(jīng)清楚了的因素，常譯成“既然”，“鑒于”，通常從句放在主句前；e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance.3)

38、 I as as語氣最弱，只表示一般的因果關(guān)系，從句放在主句前或后均可；e.g. As he didnt know the meaning of the word, he looked it up in his dictionary.注意： for是并列連詞，引導的句子不置于句首，是一種非直接的、隨便附加說明的理由或推斷。e.g. The oil must be out, for the light went out.E)    條件狀語從句1) 條件狀語從句通常由if或unless(=if not)引導，從句中常用一般時代替將來時，即if或unless

39、后的句子謂語用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。但是，主句則通常用將來時，情態(tài)動詞或祈使句。 e.g. If he doesnt come on time, we wont know what to know. He must come if he is told. Please let me know if he comes back. Ill go there unless it rains.2) If 條件句的替代形式： （1）祈使句 + and/or + 陳述句（謂語動詞通常用將來時態(tài)）。其中，and表示句意順承；or表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“否則”。 e.g. If you work hard, you

40、ll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and youll pass the exam easily. If you dont work hard, youll fall behind others. = Work hard, or youll fall behind others. （2）用介詞with, without的替代形式： e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water. If you help me, Ill finish my task on

41、time. = With your help/With the help of you, Ill finish my task on time.F) 讓步狀語從句1) though/although e.g. Though he tried many times, he failed to work it out.2) wh-ever e.g. Whatever he says(=No matter what he says), dont believe him.3) even if/even thoughe.g. Even if he is poor, she loves her

42、husband. (He may be poor, yet she loves him.) 即使他窮了，她也仍然愛他。Even though he is poor, she still loves her husband. (He is poor, yet she loves him.) 盡管他窮，但她仍然愛他。G)   結(jié)果狀語從句1) so that e.g. There are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passers-by.2) sothat/suchthat e

43、.g. He walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him. He made such a good report that everybody was pleased.H)   目的狀語從句1) so that e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.2) so that e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to un

44、derstand him better.I)比較狀語從句1) asas/not soas; than e.g. This question is not so difficult as I thought. The film is much better than we expected.2) The more, the moree.g. The more he heard the song, the less he liked it.例題一：Mary, could you tell me if your mother _ our school sports meeting tomorrow?

45、I think she will come to school if she _ free. A. will take part in; will be B. takes part in; is C. will take part in; is D. takes part in; will be解析：考查if引導的賓語從句及條件狀語從句的用法。問句是由if引導的賓語從句，時間狀語為 tomorrow，故用一般將來時；答語是由if引導的條件狀語從句，主句用將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時，故選C。例題二：Ill give it to Jim as soon as I _him tomorrow.Asaw

46、 B.will see C.see D.have seen解析： 考查點：考察條件從句的時態(tài)。解題思路：as soon as表示“一就”，其主句用將來時態(tài)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。故選C。練習三1. Somebody rang me up just now, but he hung up I could answer the phone. A. when B. until C. before D. since2. Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper hes waiting for the bus.A. if B. the C. because D. while3

47、. You must leave here now your mother can get some more rest. A. because B. though C. so that D. so4. The meeting is important that you mustnt miss it. A. very B. such C. so D. too5. Im going to the supermarket. - you are there, would you please buy me some vegetables? A. If B. Because C. While D. A

48、fter6. Do you know what he did all day? -He spent as much time playing as he .A. studying B. was studying C. studied D. did studying7. If Mg in O2, we MgO, and it combination reaction(化學變化). A. will burn, get, calls B. burns, will get, called C. will burn, can get, is calling D. burns, will get, is

49、called8. he talked with her for a long time, he failed to convince(說服)her. A. Though B. But C. Since D. As. 定語從句在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后，對其先行詞起限定作用。 This is Tom. Tom gave us a talk yesterday. This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday.先行詞 定語從句 引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who, who

50、m, whose, that, which 引導定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有：where, when, why一、             who, whom, whose引導的定語從句1. who 在從句中作主語，不可省略，它所引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人。e.g. This is the doctor who came her yesterday.2. whom在從句中作賓語，它所引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人，可以省略。e.g. The man (whom) yo

51、u saw last week has left the town.注意：在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原來的位置上。在含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中介詞只能放在原來的位置上。e.g.a)      The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)b)      The gi

52、rl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定詞組)3. whose在從句中作定語，表示所屬關(guān)系，其所修飾的先行詞既可是人也可是物。e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. He lives in the house whose window faces south.二、             that, which引導的定語從句這兩個代詞均指物，它們所引導的

53、定語從句所修飾的先行詞是物,通常情況下，它們可以互換。1. that, which在從句中作主語，不可省略。e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2. that, which在從句中作賓語，可以省略。e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?注意：關(guān)系代詞在作介詞賓語時，只能用which且不能省略。e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The hous

54、e (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.知識拓展：引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that和which，在一般情況下，盡管可以互換使用，但在下列情況下，只能用that，而不用which：1. 先行詞是復合不定代詞everything, anything, nothing等時。e.g. She didnt forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.2. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last修飾時。e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied i

55、n the primary school.He is in the last row that is next to the window.3. 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.4. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same等修飾時。e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.5. 先行詞是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時，e.g. Ive written down all (that )the teacher doesnt allow us to do.They havent got any dictionaries (that) we need.6. 先行詞既包含人又包含物時。e.g. He told us many interesting things an