淺談小學(xué)英語(yǔ)試命題技術(shù)

1、淺談小學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試命題技術(shù)淺談小學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試命題技術(shù) 房山區(qū)教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校小學(xué)教研室陳玉香2007年3月13日測(cè)試的性質(zhì)測(cè)試的性質(zhì)n公平公正n練習(xí)題不等于測(cè)試題n評(píng)價(jià)是教學(xué)的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)n測(cè)試題目要有教育意義，但主要是評(píng)價(jià)意義n評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生會(huì)了什么，能做什么n評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)教學(xué)的反撥作用考察？考查？the three periods 測(cè)試的三個(gè)階段1設(shè)計(jì)階段 designdesign2編制階段 operationalizationoperationalization3 執(zhí)行（實(shí)實(shí)施）施）階段 administration administration the first period: design 設(shè)計(jì)階段nwh

2、at do you want to test? what do you want to test? 測(cè)量什么？nwhat are your testing objectives?what are your testing objectives?測(cè)試的目的測(cè)試的目的 ?nhow many items can you involve in the test?how many items can you involve in the test?你你認(rèn)為哪些方面是需要測(cè)量的？認(rèn)為哪些方面是需要測(cè)量的？nhow do you want to balance your items?how do you w

3、ant to balance your items?你計(jì)劃如何分布各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的權(quán)重？你計(jì)劃如何賦分？nwhat is your construct validity?what is your construct validity?你如何體現(xiàn)你的構(gòu)想效度？nwhat is the impact on your students?what is the impact on your students?nhow many students are to involve in the test? how many students are to involve in the test? 編制階段編制階段

4、operationalizationoperationalizationnwriting the test blueprintwriting the test blueprint編制測(cè)試藍(lán)圖編制測(cè)試藍(lán)圖nforming the structure of the testforming the structure of the test確定確定試試卷卷結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)ndesigning the tasks designing the tasks 設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)大大題題nwriting the itemswriting the items設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)小小題題nrevising and constructing t

5、he whole testrevising and constructing the whole test整合整合試試卷卷nscoringscoring賦賦分分nediting editing 編輯編輯、修、修訂訂1編制測(cè)試藍(lán)圖編制測(cè)試藍(lán)圖a.試卷結(jié)構(gòu)試卷結(jié)構(gòu) (test structure)(1)試題數(shù)量number of parts and tasks(2)試題重點(diǎn)salience of parts and tasks(3)試題順序 sequence of parts and tasks (4)試題之間的相關(guān)性 relative importance of parts and tasks

6、(5)試題中小題的數(shù)量 number of tasks per part（6 6）試試卷形式卷形式the format of the test the format of the test （7 7）頁(yè)碼數(shù)頁(yè)碼數(shù)量量the number of pagesthe number of pages（8 8）試試卷的大小卷的大小the size of the test bookthe size of the test bookb. 試卷的具體特點(diǎn)試卷的具體特點(diǎn)featuresn目的 purposen構(gòu)想的界定definition of constructionn施測(cè)的條件與環(huán)境settingn時(shí)間分配

7、time allotmentn指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)instructionn語(yǔ)言輸入的特點(diǎn)characteristics of inputn預(yù)期學(xué)生反饋的特點(diǎn)characteristicsof expected responsesn計(jì)分方法scoring method2.搭建試卷框架搭建試卷框架n(1)試卷由幾個(gè)部分( parts)組成 n(2)部分由幾個(gè)大題(tasks)組成 n(3)大題由幾個(gè)小題(items)組成 n(4)題型及其測(cè)試功能 n(5)知識(shí)目標(biāo)分布 n(6)技能目標(biāo)分布 n(7)綜合應(yīng)用目標(biāo)分布 形式指標(biāo)形式指標(biāo)n1）文本的大小n2）文本成分（如試題，附表，附加題）n3）非文本形式（錄音，錄

8、像等）n4）版式n5）語(yǔ)言的形式n - 書面的測(cè)試輸入信息 - 錄音的測(cè)試輸入信息n - 指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)種 - 指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的年齡關(guān)照n - 指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的明確程度n6）圖文的配合3. 編寫試題編寫試題n(1)選擇素材(即原始語(yǔ)料) (2)對(duì)應(yīng)題型 n(3)改寫素材 (4)編寫試題 n(5)調(diào)整難度 (6)修改試題 n(7)整體平衡(各大題難度，內(nèi)容分布等) n(8)版式設(shè)計(jì)(文字，圖表，圖畫，注解) n(9)撰寫繪圖說明或提供草圖 n(10)校對(duì)(含校對(duì)圖表和圖畫)n(11)定第一稿 4.整合試卷整合試卷 (1)全面評(píng)價(jià)構(gòu)想效度 (2)局部調(diào)整 (3)做題思路檢驗(yàn)(試做試題) (4)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題 (5)局部改寫

9、 (6)局部更換(在成稿后，此步往往被忽略) (7)完成試卷 (8)制備附件(錄音稿，答案)5. 細(xì)化賦分系統(tǒng)細(xì)化賦分系統(tǒng)n(1)總分 n(2)大題分值及整體權(quán)重 n(3)小題分值 n(4)高分值的細(xì)分 n(5)不可細(xì)分的高分值限度(如寫話總分的控制) n(6)最小分值(避免0.5分) n(7)細(xì)化賦分與試題總量的關(guān)系 試題命制的基本原則試題命制的基本原則n試題命制的基本程序試題命制的基本程序n試題命制的基本要求試題命制的基本要求試題命制的基本程序試題命制的基本程序1確定全卷的難度和考點(diǎn)2根據(jù)考點(diǎn)編寫確定題干和選項(xiàng)3寫選項(xiàng)（以受試者環(huán)繞本題的考 點(diǎn)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生的反應(yīng)為依據(jù)）4修整題干和選項(xiàng)（簡(jiǎn)潔

10、、排列）5調(diào)整全卷的難度和答案的分布elements of multiple choice 1）多項(xiàng)選擇題的結(jié)構(gòu)）多項(xiàng)選擇題的結(jié)構(gòu) look! nancy is _ a kite in the park.a. fly b. flies c. flying stemstem題干題干optionsoptions選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)distractor干擾項(xiàng)the keythe key答案答案2）題干設(shè)計(jì)）題干設(shè)計(jì) - 語(yǔ)境設(shè)置：圖畫、圖表、語(yǔ)段- 要素分析（語(yǔ)言、邏輯、語(yǔ)用）- 測(cè)試點(diǎn):一題一個(gè) - 題干調(diào)整：簡(jiǎn)潔，不給暗示 situational and meaning. ( (題干調(diào)整)look! nan

11、cy is _ a kite in the park.a. flyb. flies c. flying look! nancy _ a kite in the park.a. flyb. flies c. is flying _ is it? its my mothers._ is it? its my mothers.a. whata. whatb. whob. who c. whose c. whose_ it? its my mothers._ it? its my mothers.a. whatsa. whatsb. whosb. whos c. whose is c. whose i

12、s題干中可能重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的單詞不要出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中whats the matter with him?a. his arm hurts b. his shoulder hurts c. his finger hurtswhats the matter with him? his _ hurts. a. arm b. shoulder c. fingerpicture 1題干中應(yīng)避免泄露答案nlook! the monkey has a long _ . a. short b. tail c. legn在編寫試題時(shí)，除了避免試題本身泄露答案以外，還應(yīng)注意一套試題中前后是否泄露前后題答案之處避免暗示或錯(cuò)誤

13、答案1.the car is _ than that one.a. bigb. more bigc. bigerd. bigger2.they are _ the floor.a. sweep b. sweeping c. sweeps d. sweepping選項(xiàng)要簡(jiǎn)潔where is ann going? a. she is going to the zoo. b. she is going to the park. c. she is going to the museum.listening 試題命制的基本要求試題命制的基本要求1語(yǔ)言正確、地道、得體、簡(jiǎn)潔 語(yǔ)言測(cè)試以何為綱？ 意義（信

14、息），還是形式（語(yǔ)碼）？2避免由于文化等造成的偏頗性3考點(diǎn)明確4 避免出詭題（tricky items）5 避免透露答案線索 避免由于文化等造成的偏頗性 its one of the biggest cities in america. a. new york b. beijing c. toronto情景與語(yǔ)言的得體周末媽媽要帶你去溜冰,在商場(chǎng)買溜冰鞋時(shí),售貨員問你a. how big are your feet?b. how tall are you?c. how big are your hands?情景與語(yǔ)言的得體when you are doing shopping for skat

15、ing, the sales girl asks：a. whats the size of your shoes?b. where did you get the coat?c. how big are your bags?考點(diǎn)明確考點(diǎn)明確n考點(diǎn)應(yīng)屬于本大題的測(cè)試領(lǐng)域考點(diǎn)應(yīng)屬于本大題的測(cè)試領(lǐng)域 n立足于每題只考一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，或考能夠糅合為一立足于每題只考一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，或考能夠糅合為一的多個(gè)考點(diǎn)（考點(diǎn)因素），但必須避免牽扯不的多個(gè)考點(diǎn)（考點(diǎn)因素），但必須避免牽扯不相關(guān)、互相干擾的考點(diǎn)相關(guān)、互相干擾的考點(diǎn)n每題無(wú)論是一個(gè)或幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，但考點(diǎn)必須明確每題無(wú)論是一個(gè)或幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，但考點(diǎn)必須明確 lucy _ to

16、 school by bus. _mother goes to work on foot. a. goes, his b. goes, her c. is going, shenlucy goes to school by bus，and _ mother goes to work on foot. a. his b. her c. theirnlucy _ to school by bus, but her mother goes to work on foot. a. goes b. go c. is going考點(diǎn)？ jacks uncle is _astronaut. _ is 40.

17、 a. a, she b. the, she c. an, hewe _ be good to wild animals. we _ hunt them.a. shouldnt should b. should shouldnt c. should should答案的唯一do you have _water? yes, i do.a. some b. any c. a- do you have _water? - yes, i do.a. some/any b. little c. few干擾項(xiàng)的命制干擾項(xiàng)的命制（mcmc）n選擇項(xiàng)不能互相牽連、覆蓋n選擇項(xiàng)盡可能一致（長(zhǎng)短、結(jié)構(gòu)、類屬、難度）

18、 選擇項(xiàng)的一致3. how do chinese people celebrate the mid-autumn festival? a. they have a big dinner with their family, enjoy the moon and the moon cakes and tell the story of change .b. give thanks to god.c. people eat turkey and pumpkin pies. listen and choose（根據(jù)錄音選擇正確答案，讀三遍）1. after you play some sport,

19、you feel_. a. thirsty b. hungry c. tired2. so you want to _. a. have a meal b. drink some water or juice c. have a rest3. anything cold is _for your stomach. a. good b. warm c. bad4.if you are ill, your parents will _you. a. worry about b. talk to c. look at5.if you are ill, you cant _. a. go to sch

20、ool b. play outside c. a and ba or b選項(xiàng)的牽連、覆蓋、穿幫選項(xiàng)排列方式要適當(dāng)na. b. c. d.n a. c. a. b. b. d. c. d.na. b. c. d. 4）設(shè)計(jì)失誤分析）設(shè)計(jì)失誤分析n- 題干無(wú)語(yǔ)境n- 題干過短，題支過長(zhǎng)n- 隨意干擾n- 干擾性過弱n- 各干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容交叉：無(wú)法選n- 選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度失衡n- 題干包含多余信息不同題型試題的命制不同題型試題的命制n試題的指示語(yǔ)n聽力理解試題n語(yǔ)言知識(shí)考查試題n閱讀理解試題n書面表達(dá)試題試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)n聽力部分聽力部分n筆試部分筆試部分n聽力部分聽力部分n語(yǔ)言知識(shí)部分語(yǔ)言知識(shí)部分n

21、語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用部分語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用部分試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)n看圖聽短文，想一想大家在做什么，將人物與事情用線條連接。短文讀三遍。nlisten and choose (聽對(duì)話，想一想對(duì)話中人物談?wù)摿耸裁词虑?，根?jù)問句選擇相應(yīng)的答語(yǔ)，將標(biāo)號(hào)填寫在括號(hào)內(nèi)。每段對(duì)話讀三遍。) 簡(jiǎn)潔、明晰簡(jiǎn)潔、明晰試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)n看圖聽短文，想一想大家在做什么，將人物與事情用線條連接。短文讀三遍。n看圖聽獨(dú)白，將人物與事情連線。短文讀三遍。簡(jiǎn)潔、明晰簡(jiǎn)潔、明晰試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)nlisten and choose (聽對(duì)話，想一想對(duì)話中人物談?wù)摿耸裁词虑?，根?jù)問句選擇相應(yīng)的答語(yǔ)，將標(biāo)號(hào)填寫在括號(hào)內(nèi)。每段

22、對(duì)話讀三遍。)n聽對(duì)話回答問題。每段對(duì)話讀三遍。 將答案的標(biāo)號(hào)填寫在括號(hào)內(nèi)簡(jiǎn)潔、明晰簡(jiǎn)潔、明晰試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ) 聽短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇正確答案。短文讀三遍。 ( )1. name a. johnb. jackc. joe( )2. agea. 8b. 9c. 10明晰？明晰？聽5段對(duì)話，回答5個(gè)問題聽第二段對(duì)話，回答2、3題。試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)將左右兩邊相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞用線連接起來。 visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents a組b組試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)將a、

23、b欄中的動(dòng)詞與名詞搭配連線。a b visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents 試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)nameagefavorite foodhow many brothers does she have?what do they often do after school?play一致性一致性試題的指示語(yǔ)試題的指示語(yǔ)nameagefavorite foodhow many brothersafter school activitiesplaynameagefavorite

24、一致性一致性listen and number(根據(jù)你聽到的單詞為下面的圖標(biāo)出順序號(hào)，讀兩遍10%)明確？聽力理解試題聽力理解試題n選材的多樣化與語(yǔ)言的真實(shí)性n設(shè)計(jì)在傾聽中能夠解決的問題n聽力理解試題的難度與區(qū)分度設(shè)計(jì)聽力理解微技能聽力理解微技能n理解主旨和要義n獲取具體的、事實(shí)性的信息n對(duì)所聽內(nèi)容作出判斷n理解說話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度聽力理解試題聽力理解試題n邊聽邊選n聽后答題n聽后做事n邊聽邊記筆記直接性還是間接性的考題？直接性還是間接性的考題？一判斷下列單詞的劃線部分的發(fā)音是否相同，把與其它三個(gè)不同的字母代號(hào)填在括號(hào)里。(每題1分，共5分) ( ) 1. a. name b. take

25、c. same d. map( ) 2. a. word b. short c. world d. workwhen? why?設(shè)計(jì)不同層面的問題where is the man? a. he is in a restaurant. b. he is in a hospital. c. he is in a shop.設(shè)計(jì)不同層面的問題nwhere is the man? a. in a restaurant. b. in a hospital. c. is in a shop.nwhat are they talking about?nwhat are they going to do ne

26、xt? look at this boy. he is from england. and he lives in london. his name is tom and he is 12 years old. tom is an active boy. he is crazy about basketball and he can play it very well. sometimes he plays basketball with happy his pet dog. toms favourite colour is blue. so he always wears a blue t-

27、shirt or blue jeans. he wants to make new friends with chinese children. you can write e-mail to him. this is his e-mail address: . nameagehobbypet animalfavorite colore-mail addresshappy*2 spot dictation mr. green is our _ teacher. he is from america. hes _. hes over thirty years old. he likes_ ver

28、y much. after _ he often plays it with us. he is _. he usually tells us stories in class. he can speak a little _. we like him very much.spot dictation mr. green is our english teacher. he is from america. hes tall. hes over thirty years old. he likes football very much. after class he often plays i

29、t with us. he is funny. he usually tells us stories in class. he can speak a little chinese. we like him very much.語(yǔ)言知識(shí)考查試題語(yǔ)言知識(shí)考查試題n測(cè)什么？測(cè)什么？ 知道知道 理解理解 應(yīng)用應(yīng)用“人們?nèi)粘Ｕf的、寫的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法人們?nèi)粘Ｕf的、寫的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法”“有意義的、真實(shí)的語(yǔ)法有意義的、真實(shí)的語(yǔ)法”“產(chǎn)出性的語(yǔ)法產(chǎn)出性的語(yǔ)法”語(yǔ)言知識(shí)考查試題語(yǔ)言知識(shí)考查試題n如何測(cè)？如何測(cè)？不是再現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，而是考查考生不是再現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，而是考查考生是否理解和運(yùn)用在特定的社會(huì)交際是否理解和運(yùn)用在特定的

30、社會(huì)交際情境中說話人所要運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言和所要情境中說話人所要運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言和所要表達(dá)的意義、態(tài)度等。表達(dá)的意義、態(tài)度等。學(xué)會(huì)了，能做什么？讀單詞，將單詞根據(jù)字典中的順序，用數(shù)讀單詞，將單詞根據(jù)字典中的順序，用數(shù)字排列出來。字排列出來。pipe， hole, fire, visit, animal ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) banked mca. good morning! b. can you tell me the way to the post office?c. can i take your order, please? d. can i help you? e. whos that

31、?a: hello.b: hello. may i speak to lucy?a: this is lucy speaking. _b: its sam here. 五組對(duì)話五組對(duì)話1. this _ is fat. 2. he has to _.3. the ball is _the chair.4. i have a pink _.5. she has to_.6. he is _.7. she is a _. 8. i have to _.a. walk the dog b. make his bed c. dress d. teacher e. swimming f. panda g

32、. under h. feed the fish 學(xué)會(huì)了什么？能做什么？考點(diǎn)？答案的惟一？-what is your favorite subject? why?-_a. english. its the most interesting subject. b. science. its the most difficult subject.閱讀理解試題閱讀理解試題選材n閱讀量的要求n語(yǔ)篇質(zhì)的要求n語(yǔ)言和文體的要求n內(nèi)容要求可讀性信息可讀性信息閱讀理解試題閱讀理解試題試題命制n考點(diǎn)的以信息為目標(biāo)n以未知信息為考點(diǎn)n探問多種層次，多種范疇的信息生詞標(biāo)注原則閱讀理解微技能閱讀理解微技能n理解主旨和

33、要義n理解文中具體信息n根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義n作出判斷和推理n理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)n理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度試題示例true-false items是非題（是非題（1）背景信息的設(shè)置）背景信息的設(shè)置聽覺信息聽覺信息 n足夠的事實(shí) n具體事實(shí)之間的細(xì)微差異 n時(shí)間和空間的信息 n參與人的信息 n情景的具體要素 n聽時(shí)可能發(fā)生的誤解 文字信息文字信息n信息分布 n單位信息的異同 n語(yǔ)言表述的差異 n深層信息 圖表設(shè)置圖表設(shè)置 n信息的有序安排 n重要信息和次要信息的比例 n圖表中的語(yǔ)言形式 圖畫信息圖畫信息 n信息分布 n圖畫中不同類型的信息 n構(gòu)圖要素 n文字與圖畫的關(guān)系與整合(2)是非陳述的設(shè)計(jì)是非陳述的設(shè)計(jì)n語(yǔ)言正誤判斷 n局部信息錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)的設(shè)置n整體信息錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)的設(shè)置n正誤比例數(shù)量的設(shè)置 she has a cat. she likes playi