英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)(三)

1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的時(shí)態(tài)(tense)是一種動(dòng)詞形式，不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示不同的時(shí)間與方式。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此，當(dāng)我們說(shuō)!u 態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。所謂"時(shí)"就是行為發(fā)生的時(shí)段或狀態(tài)存在的時(shí)段，即："現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái)" 四種：所謂“態(tài)”就是行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)所呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，有一般狀態(tài)、進(jìn)行狀態(tài)、完成狀態(tài)和 完成進(jìn)行狀態(tài)四種。由時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合，便形成下列十六種時(shí)態(tài)：態(tài)時(shí)現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)現(xiàn)

2、在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn) 行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行旦過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1 .概念:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況、有規(guī)律出現(xiàn)的情況、總是發(fā)生的事和事實(shí)真理。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month.), once a week(day, year, month.) , on sundays (on mondays .).3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ do/does +其他;(如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人 稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式)。4 .否定形式：主語(yǔ)+ am

3、/is/are + not +其他(此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在 其前加don't,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞)。5 .一般疑問(wèn)句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首：用助動(dòng)詞d。提問(wèn),如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),則 用does,同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。6 .例句：(1) it seldom snows here.這里很少下雪。(2) he is always ready to help others.他總是樂(lè)于幫助別人。(3) action speaks louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。一般過(guò)去時(shí)1 .概念：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：過(guò)去習(xí)

4、慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month.), in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式或be的過(guò)去式+名詞。4 .否定形式：主語(yǔ)+ was/were + not +其他(在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng) 詞)。5 .一般疑問(wèn)句:was或wee放于句首：用助動(dòng)詞d。的過(guò)去式

5、did提問(wèn)，同時(shí)還原行 為動(dòng)詞。6 .例句：(1) she often came to help us in those days.那些天她經(jīng)常來(lái)幫助我們。(2) i didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是這么忙。一般將來(lái)時(shí)1 .概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。2 .標(biāo)志：tomorrow, soon, in a few minutes, , the day after tomorrow, etc.3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu):(1)主語(yǔ) + am/is/are + going to + do sth(2)主語(yǔ) + will/shall + do +

6、 do sth4否定句：在系動(dòng)詞is/am/are或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will/shall后加not5 .一般疑問(wèn)句:be放于句首：will/shall提到句首。首字母大寫(xiě)6 .例句：they are going to have a competition with us in studies.他們將有一場(chǎng)比賽和 我們一起研究。it is going to rain.天要下雨了。一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1 .概念：立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，從過(guò)去看將來(lái)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):the next day (morning , year.) , the following month(week.) , etc.3

7、 .基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ) + was/were + going to + do + 其它;主語(yǔ) + would/should + do + 其它4 否定形式：主語(yǔ) + was/were + not + going to + do;主語(yǔ) + would/should + not + do.5 .一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首：would/should提到句首。6 .例句：(1) he said he would go to beijing the next day他說(shuō)他第二天要去北京。(2) i asked who was going there.我問(wèn)，誰(shuí)要去那里?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示現(xiàn)階

8、段或說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為.2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):now, at this time, days, etc. look, listen3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ be + doing +其它4否定形式：主語(yǔ)+be + not+doing+其它5 .一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。6 ,例句：how are you feeling today?你今天感覺(jué)如何？he is doing well in his lessons.在課上他表現(xiàn)得很好。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：at this time yesterday, at that tim

9、e或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò) 去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)三語(yǔ)+was/were +doing +其它4 否定形式：主語(yǔ)+was/were + not +doing+其它5 .一般疑問(wèn)句:把was或were放于句首。（第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)）6 .例句：at that time she was working in a pla unit.那段時(shí)間她在人民解放軍部隊(duì)工 作。when he came in, i was reading a newspaper他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我正在讀報(bào)紙。將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，并繼續(xù) 下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示詢(xún)

10、問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ shall/will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它4 .否定形式：主語(yǔ)+ shall/will + not + be +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它5 .例句:this time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的這個(gè)時(shí)間，他們 正坐在電影院。he won't be coming to the party.他不去參加聚會(huì)了。

11、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言，將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，主 要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中,尤其多用于間接引語(yǔ)中。2 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：should/would + be +現(xiàn)在分詞3 .例句：he said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他說(shuō)他不 能來(lái)因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。they said they would be coming.他們說(shuō)了他們將要來(lái)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1 .概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始， 持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yet, already j

12、ust, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn),for + 時(shí) 間段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ have/has + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它4 .否定形式：主語(yǔ)+ have/has + not + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它5 .一般疑問(wèn)句:have或has放句首。6 .例句：the countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在過(guò)去的幾年，農(nóng)村發(fā)生了巨大的變化。pve written an arti

13、cle,我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了一篇論文。過(guò)去完成時(shí)1 .概念：以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前 完成的行為，即"過(guò)去的過(guò)去工2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):before, by the end of last year （term, month.） , etc.3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ had + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它4 .否定形式：主語(yǔ)+ had + not +p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它5 .一般疑問(wèn)句:had放于句首。6.例句：as soon as we got to the station, the train had left.當(dāng)我們到車(chē)站的時(shí)候,火 車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。

14、by the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上個(gè)月底,我們已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí) 了 四本書(shū)?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ had + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它肯定句：主語(yǔ)+ had + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它否定句：主語(yǔ)+ had + not + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它一般疑問(wèn)句：had +主語(yǔ)+ p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+ 一般疑問(wèn)句將來(lái)完成時(shí)1 .概念：在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by the time of; by the end of + 時(shí)間短語(yǔ)（將來(lái)）：by the time + 從句

15、 （將來(lái)）3 .基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ)+ be going to/will/shall + have + p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其它4 例句：by the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area ,到你回來(lái)的時(shí)候，就將發(fā)生巨大的變化。過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)1 .概念：表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻以前所會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣 中，表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。2 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：should/would have done sth.3 .例句：i thought you*d have left by this time

16、.我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。he told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告訴他們他會(huì)在 8 點(diǎn)以前干完?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛開(kāi)始， 也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來(lái)。2 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ have/has + been + doing +其它3 .時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+時(shí)間段等。4 .例子：i have been sitting here for an hour.我已經(jīng)在這里坐了一個(gè)小時(shí)。the children have been watch

17、ing tv since six o'clock.從 6 點(diǎn)起,孩子們一直看電視。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示某個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻，還未完成，一直持 續(xù)到之后的當(dāng)前才結(jié)束。2 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+ had + been + doing +其它3例子：she had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之 前一直患重感冒。had they been expecting the news for some time?他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了 吧？4 .特殊含義：尚未完成：he had

18、 been writing the novel.他已經(jīng)在寫(xiě)小說(shuō)了。（他沒(méi) 寫(xiě)完）企圖：he had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)這個(gè)諺語(yǔ)。 （他曾努力學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)它）未得結(jié)果：we had been studying what our enemy had said,我們一直致力于敵人所 說(shuō)的。（但是我們沒(méi)有理解）最近情況：he had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一場(chǎng)架° （最近）反復(fù)動(dòng)作：he had been asking me the same question.他一直問(wèn)我相同的問(wèn)題口（屢 次）情緒：what had he been doing?他做了什么將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .概念：表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間。是否繼續(xù)下去，要視上 下文而定。2 .基本結(jié)構(gòu)：shall/will have been doing3 例子：i shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我將在這個(gè)工廠工作20年