初中英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)-PPT

1、grammarsentences句子成份句子成份 句子一般由兩個(gè)部分組成：句子一般由兩個(gè)部分組成：主語(yǔ)部分（主語(yǔ)部分（ subject group）謂語(yǔ)部分（謂語(yǔ)部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 謂謂 賓賓 表表補(bǔ)補(bǔ)定定 狀狀1) 主語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)（subject）i like football.the boy needs a pen. 句子的主體，全句述說(shuō)的對(duì)象。一般由句子的主體，全句述說(shuō)的對(duì)象。一般由 擔(dān)任擔(dān)任, ,常置于句首常置于句首。2) 謂語(yǔ)（謂語(yǔ)（predicate）說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。由說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。由 擔(dān)任。常置于主語(yǔ)后。擔(dān)任。常置于主語(yǔ)后

2、。the train leaves at 6 oclock.i want a ticket.,動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式, 動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 或從句或從句名詞名詞,主格代詞主格代詞動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞1.during the 1990s, american country music has become more and more popular. 2.we often speak english in class. 3.one-third of the students in this class are girls.4.to swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.sm

3、oking does harm to the health. 6.the rich should help the poor. 7.when we are going to have an english test has not been decided. 8.it is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語(yǔ)從句）（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（三）謂語(yǔ)（三）謂語(yǔ) 3) 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)（object）4) 表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)（predicative）he won the game. 表示表示動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作對(duì)象或的動(dòng)作對(duì)象或介詞介詞所聯(lián)系的對(duì)象。所

4、聯(lián)系的對(duì)象。由由名詞名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞擔(dān)任。置于或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞擔(dān)任。置于動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞或或介詞介詞后。后。tome lost his life in the big fire.he is a student.用以表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。表語(yǔ)一般用以表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。置于動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。置于系動(dòng)詞之后。系動(dòng)詞之后。（五）賓語(yǔ)（五）賓語(yǔ) v賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)（object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)

5、詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.he is doing his homework.2.the heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.how many dictionaries do you have? i have five.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.they helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.he pretended not to see me.6.i enjoy listening to popular music

6、.7.i think（that）he is fit for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語(yǔ)）（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）（賓語(yǔ)從句）v賓語(yǔ)種類賓語(yǔ)種類：v（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：lend me your dictionary, please.to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： he sent the novel to william yesterday.for: leave, buy,

7、 build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： she bought a gift for her mother.v（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：賓補(bǔ)），例如：vthey elected him their monitor.v下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ) admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： jo

8、hn has admitted breaking the window .v下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。vforget to do表示表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的動(dòng)作已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：。如：vdont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒(méi)來(lái)還沒(méi)來(lái))vi forgot returning the book to him.v(書(shū)已還給他了書(shū)已還給

9、他了)v除了除了be 系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，1)表表感官的動(dòng)詞感官的動(dòng)詞:2) 表表轉(zhuǎn)變變化轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞:3)表表延續(xù)延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。注意：系動(dòng)詞（注意：系動(dòng)詞（linking verb)用于連接主語(yǔ)和用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)

10、詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如： he is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：he always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像看起來(lái)像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：he seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系動(dòng)詞（注意：系動(dòng)詞

11、（linking verb)用于連接主語(yǔ)和表用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 4）感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：the river was beginning to run dry. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止

12、動(dòng)作，主要有表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)表達(dá)結(jié)果是結(jié)果是;證明是證明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：the rumor proved false. his plan turned out a success. 1.our teacher of english is an american.（名詞）（名詞）2.is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.the weather has turned cold.（形容詞）（形容詞）4.the speech is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.three times seven is twenty one?（

13、數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）6.his job is to teach english.（不定式）（不定式）7.his hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）8.the meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（介詞短語(yǔ)）9.time is up. the class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.the truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）（表語(yǔ)從句）5) 賓補(bǔ)（賓補(bǔ)（objective complement） 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的情況補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的情況 。由由n. /adj. /n

14、. /adj. /介賓介賓 / /分詞分詞 / /不定式等擔(dān)任。不定式等擔(dān)任。they made him king. i consider the book too expensive. 6) 定語(yǔ)（定語(yǔ)（attributive）對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用漢語(yǔ)中常用的的表示表示, ,通常位于被修飾的成分前。通常位于被修飾的成分前。the black bike is mine.( )（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) v賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（object complement），），用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓用于

15、補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)”一般可由名一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：1.his father named him xiaoming.2.they painted their boat white.3.let the fresh air in.4.you mustnt

16、 force him to lend his money to you.5.we saw her entering the room.6.we found everything in the lab in good order.7.we will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語(yǔ)）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語(yǔ)）（從句）說(shuō)明說(shuō)明1：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)修飾不定代詞如：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)修飾不定代詞如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等時(shí)，定語(yǔ)要放在其后作后置定語(yǔ)等時(shí)，定語(yǔ)要放在其后作后

17、置定語(yǔ) 我告訴他一些有趣的事情。我告訴他一些有趣的事情。 i tell him something interesting . 說(shuō)明說(shuō)明2：不定式、短語(yǔ)或從句不定式、短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。 這間屋子里的男孩子們是這間屋子里的男孩子們是10班的。班的。 the boys in the room are in class ten. （七）定語(yǔ)（七）定語(yǔ) v修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)(attribute)。v定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：1.guilin is a beauti

18、ful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2.china is a developing country; america is a developed country.（分詞（分詞） 3.there are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）（名詞）4.his rapid progress in english made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）5.our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）（不定式短語(yǔ)）6.the teaching plan for n

19、ext term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）7.he is reading an article about how to learn english.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（介詞短語(yǔ)）8.she is the girl who sings best in my class. (定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句)7) 狀語(yǔ)（狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）用以修飾用以修飾adj. /v. /adv.及全句及全句,位置靈活位置靈活。通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾修飾形容詞或副詞形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之

20、前；表示表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，首，一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副）的副詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。i am very sorry.we often help him. when i grow up , i am going to be a teacher . （從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) （八）狀語(yǔ)（八）狀語(yǔ) v修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)

21、明修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.light travels most quickly.2.he has lived in the city for ten years. 3.he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語(yǔ)）（不定式短語(yǔ)）9種狀語(yǔ)種類如下： 1. how about meeting again at six?2.las

22、t night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.i shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.mr smith lives on the third floor. 5.she put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）（原因狀語(yǔ)）（條件狀語(yǔ)）（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）（方式狀語(yǔ)）v she came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.in order to catch up with the others,

23、i must work harder. 7.he was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.she works very hard though she is old.9.i am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）（目的狀語(yǔ)）（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）（讓步狀語(yǔ)）（比較狀語(yǔ)） （九）同位語(yǔ)（九）同位語(yǔ)（appositive）對(duì)前面的名）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：this is mr. zhou, our headmaster.（十）

24、插入語(yǔ)（十）插入語(yǔ)（parenthesis）對(duì)一句話）對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , i think (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：to be frank, i dont quite agree with you.四、選擇填空：v( )1. _ will leave for beijing.va. now there the man vb. the man here nowvc. the man who is here now vd. the man is here nowv( ) 2. the weather _.

25、va. wet and cold b. is wet and coldvc. not wet and coldd. were wet and coldv( ) 3. the apple tasted _.va. sweets b. sweetly vc. nicely d. sweetv( ) 4. he got up _ yesterday morning.va. lately b. late vc. latest d. latterv( )5. the actor _at the age of 70.va. dead b. died vc. dyed d. dyingv( )6. _ we

26、re all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.va. we, us b. us, we vc. we, our d. we, wev( )7. he found the street much _.va. crowd b. crowding vc. crowded d. crowdedlyv( ) 8.i think _necessary to learn english well.va. its b. it vc. that d. that isv( ) 9. the dog _ mad.va. looks b. is

27、looked vc. is being looked d. was lookedv( )10.i will never forget the day _ i joined the army.va. that b. when vc. in which d. where句子成分句子成分意義意義充當(dāng)詞類充當(dāng)詞類例句例句主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事事名，代，數(shù)，不定名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)或式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)或句子句子we study in huangqiao middle school.謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或怎說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或怎么樣么樣動(dòng)詞或

28、動(dòng)詞詞組動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組she is dancing under the tree.賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象同主語(yǔ)同主語(yǔ)both of us like english.表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征同主語(yǔ)同主語(yǔ)her father is a chemist.his words sound reasonable.定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名形，代，數(shù)，名, 副，介詞短語(yǔ)或句子副，介詞短語(yǔ)或句子we have eight lessons every day.狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞

29、，形容詞，副詞，表修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或句副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或句子子he works very hard.they held a party in hollywood.賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)邏輯上與賓語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系邏輯上與賓語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞形容詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等短語(yǔ)等she always keeps the house clean.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來(lái)自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無(wú)！主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來(lái)自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無(wú)！句子類型句子類

30、型簡(jiǎn)單句并列句復(fù)合句.簡(jiǎn)單句簡(jiǎn)單句1. things changed.2. trees are green.3. we dont beat children.4. he gave his sister the piano.5. i found the book easy. 主 + 謂主 + 謂 + 表主 + 謂 + 賓主 + 謂 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ) 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)nobody went.she became a doctor.the car caught fire.i will write you a long letter.i will let him go. prac

31、ticepractice 主 + 謂主 + 謂 + 表主 + 謂 + 賓主 + 謂 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ).并列句并列句this is me and these are my friends. they must stay in water, or they will die. its not cheap, but it is very good. it was late, so i went to bed. andorbut sohe knocked at the door; there was no answer.youre alive! and shes

32、dead. 并列句1.并列關(guān)系并列句連詞有：and, not onlybut also, neithernor2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系并列句連詞有：but, yet, however3.選擇關(guān)系并列句連詞有：or., eitheror.4.因果關(guān)系并列句連詞有：for, so, therefore例句并列關(guān)系：i hope him and he help me轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：he tried open the door, but he couldnt 選擇關(guān)系：either you are foolish or he is因果關(guān)系：the students are on holidays, therefore

33、you can see them today。名詞性從句名詞性從句狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句.復(fù)合句復(fù)合句a plane is a machine that can fly.he said that he didnt like her. 主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞通常有who whom when where why what how which whose whether等，等，what i said is important to youhow to get there is still not decidewhethe

34、r to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我們每天將要討論的事是否做那件事是我們每天將要討論的事說(shuō)明：主語(yǔ)從句可以直接放在主語(yǔ)位置，也可用it作做形式主語(yǔ)1.that light travels in straight lines is known to all it is known to all that light travels in straight lines 眾所周知，光是以直線運(yùn)行眾所周知，光是以直線運(yùn)行2.when the plane is to take off has not been announc

35、ed it has not been announced when the plane is to take off 飛機(jī)什么時(shí)候起飛還沒(méi)有公布飛機(jī)什么時(shí)候起飛還沒(méi)有公布1.it is +形容詞形容詞+從句從句2.it is necessary that有必要有必要3.it is clear that. 很清楚很清楚4.it is (un) likely that 很可能很可能5.it is important that主要的是主要的是.1.it is +過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞+從句從句2.it is said that據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō).3.it is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道據(jù)報(bào)道.4.it h

36、as been proved that.已證明已證明 5.it must be pointed out that必須指出必須指出定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句又稱關(guān)系從句：定語(yǔ)從句可以修飾一個(gè)名詞，代詞，或一個(gè)句子，被修飾的詞叫現(xiàn)行詞，從句在其后，由關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞引出關(guān)系代詞有：that. which, who, whom, whose等關(guān)系副詞有：when , where , whythe man who wrote this book in famous scientist 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 (定語(yǔ))the village where i was born has grown into a town(

37、先行詞) 關(guān)系代詞 (定語(yǔ))that 關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的關(guān)系限制性定語(yǔ)從句 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞主語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞賓語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞所有格代替人 who/that which/that whom/that which/that that whose=of whom代替物 whose=of which 代替人 和物 代替人代替物 代替人和物 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句代替人和物代替前一句話which whichwhosewhich關(guān)系副詞與先行詞的關(guān)系先行詞 關(guān)系副詞 在從句中作用時(shí)間名詞 when=at,on,in, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) during / which地點(diǎn)名詞 where=in, at/which地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)只有r

38、easonwhy=for which原因狀語(yǔ)例句說(shuō)明（在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞在句中一在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞在句中一 定要擔(dān)任成分定要擔(dān)任成分） 1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句john is the girl who/that was injured in the accident （先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）he found the watch which/that he had lost （先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞） （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）the man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句

39、中作賓語(yǔ)）the house which/that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）is there anyone whose name is wangli? 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 ( 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）the building whose roof we can see form here is （先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）she is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表

40、語(yǔ)，只能用that連接）there is not an easy question that you think it to be （ 先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞） （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)，只能用that連接）注意的問(wèn)題one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分詞的謂語(yǔ)有兩種形式先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)，從句謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)tom is one of those women, who like to play bridge當(dāng)one之前有the only/right/very等修飾詞時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)one而定，用單復(fù)數(shù)形式he is the only one of the boys who likes to

41、go to the theatre當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，只能用關(guān)系代詞whom,或which而不能用thatthe book from which(不能用that) i got a lot of useful information 先行詞 介詞 關(guān)系代詞was written by a famous scientist（關(guān)系代詞（關(guān)系代詞whichwhich在從句中作介詞在從句中作介詞fromfrom的賓語(yǔ)）的賓語(yǔ)）tom is the boy with whom (不用不用that) you were talk a moment ago 先行詞 介詞 關(guān)系代詞（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓

42、語(yǔ)）注：當(dāng)介詞位于從句句末時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞仍可用that也可省去 上兩句可改為：1 the book that/which i got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientist2 tom is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago 關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用1. i shall never forget the day when (on which) new china was founded 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞（

43、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)）2. he came at a time when (at which) we were in need of help 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ))3. the school where (in which )i work is not far from here 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）4. is this the place where (at which )that traffic accident happened? 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)5.he didnt give the reas

44、on why (for which) he was absent yesterday. （先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞） （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)原因狀語(yǔ)）6.the reason why (for which )he missed the bus was that he got up late 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)原因狀語(yǔ) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞非限制性定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞which, who ,whose, where, when引出，引出，而從句的兩面都用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，關(guān)系代詞而從句的兩面都用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，關(guān)系代詞that不能引起非限制性定不能

45、引起非限制性定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)從句名詞、代詞名詞、代詞+of+ which+ whom引起的定語(yǔ)從句表示部分與整引起的定語(yǔ)從句表示部分與整體的關(guān)系體的關(guān)系there are many forms of energy, each of which is useful for us非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句總是位于句末，用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句總是位于句末，用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)he missed the train ,which annoyed him very much（先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）the sun heats the earth ,which ma

46、kes it possible for plants to grow （先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）注：關(guān)系代詞注：關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)可以用來(lái)指代主句的一部分有時(shí)可以用來(lái)指代主句的一部分tom can write a letter in chinese , which mary can not （先行詞） （關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)方式狀語(yǔ)）試比較：試比較：july is the month when we have a lot of rain （先行詞（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)狀語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)狀語(yǔ)）the meeting

47、will be put off till next month ,when we will have made all the preparations （先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞） （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)狀語(yǔ)）i want to buy the house which(=that) has a garden (先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)主語(yǔ)）i want to buy the house, which(不等于不等于that) has a garden（先行詞）（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（關(guān)系代詞） （ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)主語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)主語(yǔ)）注：在定語(yǔ)從句

48、中，同樣的先行詞，由于在從句中 擔(dān)任的作用不同，須選用不同的關(guān)系詞1.this is the place where i spent my childhood （先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）2.this is the place, which i visited last summer （先行詞）（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)賓語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)賓語(yǔ)）3.the reason which he gave was unacceptable （先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代

49、詞在從句中擔(dān)賓語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)賓語(yǔ)）4.the reason why he did that was unacceptable （先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（先行詞）（關(guān)系代詞）（ 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)原因狀語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)原因狀語(yǔ)） 同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句1.同位語(yǔ)從句用于表示名詞的內(nèi)容,對(duì)其加以解釋,能跟有同位語(yǔ)從句 的,通常是具有引導(dǎo)內(nèi)容的名詞,在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，常見(jiàn)的有： fact, idea, news, hope, evidence, suggestion, order, problemthe doctors came to the conclusion that the pa

50、tient was suffering from cancerthe discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by newton同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引出，但隨著與其同位的名詞不同也可由 whether, when, where, how, what, why引出they are faced with the problem whether they should continue the worki have no idea when he will return有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句不是緊跟名詞后，有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句不是緊跟名詞

51、后，而是被其它詞隔開(kāi)而是被其它詞隔開(kāi)an idea occurred him that he might borrow the money from his father 發(fā)生 ，出現(xiàn)they heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming 定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別從結(jié)構(gòu)上看：同位語(yǔ)由連接詞引導(dǎo)。在從句中不擔(dān)任何成分， 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞在從中擔(dān)任某個(gè)成分。the idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong(同位語(yǔ)從句that在從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何成分

52、)the idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong(定語(yǔ)從句that在從句中擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ))表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句常用的連系動(dòng)詞有常用的連系動(dòng)詞有:be, seen, remain, look等等my idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately我的建議是這個(gè)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該立即執(zhí)行我的建議是這個(gè)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該立即執(zhí)行the question remains whether we should accept their

53、invitation問(wèn)題仍然是我們是否應(yīng)該接受他們的邀請(qǐng)問(wèn)題仍然是我們是否應(yīng)該接受他們的邀請(qǐng)it looks that (as if) it is going to rain看起來(lái)天要下雨看起來(lái)天要下雨 where why how引導(dǎo)的從句作this is或that is的表語(yǔ)時(shí)， 它們通常不含有疑問(wèn)意義,而是分別表示具體的地點(diǎn)， 原因.方式.翻譯that is why we called off the meeting這就是我們?nèi)∠麜?huì)議的原因this is how we did it我們就用這種方式做的注:主語(yǔ)是reason的表語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo),不要用becausethe reason

54、(why) he was late was that he missed the bus 賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的從句，叫賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)， 介詞賓語(yǔ)，和某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ)一.作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)everybody knows that goods takes up the room(由連詞引導(dǎo))he wondered how the building were built(由連接副詞引導(dǎo))常跟連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞有：admit agree answer believe command complain confess decide demand deny doubt dream e

55、xpect explain feel hearhope imagine intend insist know mean notice prefer order propose reply report request require say see suggest suppose think urge (激勵(lì)) wish understand常跟疑問(wèn)代詞who whom疑問(wèn)副詞when where why how whether if 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞有：advise ask discover discuss doubt find out imagine inquire(詢問(wèn)詢問(wèn)) know

56、 question show tell understand wondera. tell/inform/remind/show/teach+間接賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu) he told me where he lived b. advise/ask/ assure/promise/question/warn等+間接賓語(yǔ)+ 賓語(yǔ)從句+結(jié)構(gòu)中，間接賓語(yǔ)可省略 i promised (him) that i would give him more help 我對(duì)他的保證將給他更多的幫助作介詞賓語(yǔ):this depends on how hard you work這取決于你的工作的如何努力is there

57、 anything wrong in what i said?a. that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句只限做介詞in except but beside 的賓語(yǔ)從句men different from brutes in that they can speak and think人和獸類的區(qū)別在于他們有語(yǔ)言和思想the meal was very good except that the fish was a bit too salty除了魚(yú)有點(diǎn)咸，這頓是、很好的i would have helped you but that i was so busy then若不是工作忙，我本來(lái)時(shí)幫助你的b “介詞+

58、it+ that“結(jié)構(gòu)you may depend on it that they will support you你放心,他們會(huì)支持你的ill see to it that everything is ready in time我將負(fù)責(zé)按時(shí)做好一切準(zhǔn)備c 動(dòng)詞+it+ that 結(jié)構(gòu)i take it that they will succeed我想他們會(huì)成功的the newspapers have it that firm is almost bankrupt據(jù)報(bào)道那家公司幾乎破產(chǎn)d be+形容詞+that 結(jié)構(gòu)類似形容詞有:sure certain afraid confident等th

59、ey are confident that they can do the job i am not certain whether (if) the train will arrive on time我沒(méi)有把握火車是否轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)達(dá)到賓語(yǔ)從句否定意義的轉(zhuǎn)移在think believe suppose expect等動(dòng)詞后跟的賓語(yǔ)中，如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否定的一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上而將從句變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问絠 dont think he has time to play chess with you 我沒(méi)想到他有時(shí)間和你下棋i dont suppose it is the rush hour

60、 yet我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在還未到（交通）高峰時(shí)間賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng): 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)是在主句的時(shí)態(tài)其礎(chǔ)上向前推進(jìn)一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài). 如:主句為過(guò)去時(shí),從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),若從句表示的客觀真理或自然觀念,其謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).he said that he had left his umbrella in the library. 他說(shuō)把傘忘在圖書(shū)館里了.the teacher told the students that the pacific ocean is the largest ocean in the world.老師告訴學(xué)生,太平洋是世界上最大的海洋.插入疑問(wèn)句.練習(xí)，就劃線部分提問(wèn)，再理解1