名詞語法講解課件PPT

1、語法專題（一）語法專題（一）名名 詞詞MISS Wang名詞要點精講名詞要點精講 名詞是英語考試中的熱點和難點。從語法和詞匯兩個方面名詞是英語考試中的熱點和難點。從語法和詞匯兩個方面來考察其用法，在單項選擇、完形、改錯中都可感知來考察其用法，在單項選擇、完形、改錯中都可感知高考中名詞的考查點。高考中名詞的考查點。專有名詞專有名詞(Proper Nouns)普通名詞普通名詞(Common Nouns)個體名詞個體名詞(Individual Nouns)集體名詞集體名詞(Collective Nouns)物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns)抽象名詞抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns

2、)不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns)一、名詞的分類專有名詞專有名詞Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day注意：注意：專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫普通名詞普通名詞Common Nouns：一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞1. 個體名詞個體名詞: 指作為個體而存在的指作為個體而存在的人或東西人或

3、東西可以指具體的人或物?？梢灾妇唧w的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象東西。也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. 集體名詞集體名詞: 表示若干個個體組成的集合體表示若干個個體組成的集合體Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，視為整體時作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看。視為整體時作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看。 Hi

4、s family _ not large. (be)Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be)在一些情況下，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動詞都可以用，沒什么差別。在一些情況下，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動詞都可以用，沒什么差別。Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.isare有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。Eg: Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 個別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。個別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。Eg: The police are l

5、ooking for him. 3.物質(zhì)名詞名詞: 指無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。指無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：特殊情況：1) 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份一份”、“一杯一杯”、“一種一種”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份）兩份）Three beers, pl

6、ease. (三杯）三杯） It was a special tea. (一種）一種）2)個別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。個別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。Eg: rains （雨季）（雨季）sands （沙灘）（沙灘） snows (積雪）積雪）waters(海域海域)4.抽象名詞抽象名詞:表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。多數(shù)情

7、況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。Failure is the mother of success. (失敗與成功在此為抽象概念）失敗與成功在此為抽象概念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失敗者，可數(shù)成功者，

8、失敗者，可數(shù))二、名詞的數(shù)二、名詞的數(shù) 不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如：抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。情況情況加法加法例詞例詞一般情況一般情況以以s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的詞詞以輔音以輔音y結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的詞詞以輔音以輔音+o 結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞以以f或或fe結(jié)尾的詞結(jié)尾的詞加加-s加加-es去去y加加-ies五個加五個加-es，其他加其他加s

9、把把f/fe改成改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishesLadies;countries;Heroes; tomatoesHalves; leaves;可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種：式有以下幾種：不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：1、元音變化元音變化：man-men woman-women mouse-mice foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese 2 2、單復(fù)數(shù)同型、單復(fù)數(shù)同型：fish deer sheep3 3、加、加enen（renren）: : ox-oxen

10、 child-children4 4、中國計量單位單復(fù)數(shù)同型：、中國計量單位單復(fù)數(shù)同型： yuan 、jin、mu.5 5、某國人：、某國人：中日不變、英法變、其他直接中日不變、英法變、其他直接 來來把把s添。添。復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：1.詞末詞末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式：主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.兩個組成部分皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：兩個組成部分皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：women doctors; men cooks* 這種形式的第一個名詞必須是這種形式

11、的第一個名詞必須是man或或woman 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：trousers(褲子褲子); glasses(眼鏡眼鏡); compasses(圓規(guī)圓規(guī)) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。glass ( 玻璃玻璃 )copper ( 銅銅 )tin ( 錫錫 )paper ( 紙紙 )iron (鐵鐵 )wood ( 木頭木頭 )gold (金子金子 )youth (青春青春 )power ( 力量力量 )beauty (

12、 美美 )pleasure( 愉快愉快 )relation(關(guān)系）關(guān)系）a glass ( 玻璃杯玻璃杯 )a copper ( 銅幣板銅幣板 )a tin ( 罐頭罐頭 )a paper ( 報紙，證件，論文報紙，證件，論文 )an iron (熨斗熨斗 )a wood ( 樹林樹林 )a gold (金牌金牌 )a youth (年青人年青人 )a power ( 大國大國 )a beauty ( 美人，美的東西美人，美的東西 )a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事使人感到愉快的事 )a relation(親戚）親戚）英語中有許多對詞，一個可數(shù)，一個不可數(shù)。英語中有許多對詞，一個可數(shù)，

13、一個不可數(shù)。a poem(一首詩一首詩 )a machine(一臺機器一臺機器 )a job(一件工作一件工作 )a laugh(一個笑聲一個笑聲 )a permit(許可證許可證 )a garment (一件衣裳一件衣裳 )a bag(case) (一件行李一件行李 )a loaf (一只面包一只面包 )a hair(一根頭發(fā)一根頭發(fā) )poetry(詩歌總稱詩歌總稱 )machinery(機器總稱機器總稱 )work(工作工作 )laughter(笑聲笑聲 )permission(允許允許 )clothing(衣裳總稱衣裳總稱 )luggage, baggage(行李行李 )bread(面

14、包面包 )hair( 頭發(fā)頭發(fā))幾個名詞的特殊用法幾個名詞的特殊用法 hair_. （他的頭發(fā)是白的。）（他的頭發(fā)是白的。）_. （他有幾根白的（他有幾根白的頭發(fā)。）頭發(fā)。）His hair is whiteHe has a few grey hairs fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.weredozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencilst

15、hree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of peopledozen ofword（消息，通知）（消息，通知）, man（人類），前面（人類），前面不加冠詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)。不加冠詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)。名詞特征名詞特征構(gòu)成方法構(gòu)成方法示例示例有生命的單數(shù)名有生命的單數(shù)名詞詞在詞尾加在詞尾加sMikes fatherJeffs baseball有生命的有生命的復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞以以s結(jié)尾的在詞結(jié)尾的在詞尾加尾加My parents hometown不以不以s結(jié)尾的在結(jié)尾的

16、在詞尾加詞尾加sThe childrens book幾個人共同擁有幾個人共同擁有的名詞的名詞只在最后一個詞只在最后一個詞加加sMary and Kates house每個人名各自擁每個人名各自擁有的名詞有的名詞在每個名詞后加在每個名詞后加sJanes and Toms books名詞所有格名詞所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)some patterns:Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content

17、.We should get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them at arms length.For goodness sake,stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. (為了友誼）為了友誼）（黔驢技窮）（黔驢技窮）（盡情地）（盡情地）（不受損害）（不受損害）（保持距離（保持距離）（看在上帝的份上）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）（很合算）四、名詞的修飾語四、名詞的修飾語A、只修飾可數(shù)名詞的修飾語B、只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語C、既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾不

18、可數(shù) 名詞的修飾語A、只修飾可數(shù)名詞的修飾語fewfew 幾乎沒有幾乎沒有 a few a few 一些、幾個一些、幾個manymany 許多許多 many amany a 許多許多severalseveral 若干、幾個若干、幾個a couple ofa couple of 兩個、一雙兩個、一雙a number ofa number of 許多、若干許多、若干a greatlarge number ofa greatlarge number of 許多許多 B、只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語little little 很少、幾乎沒有很少、幾乎沒有 a little a little 有一點有一點m

19、uch much 許多許多 a bit of a bit of 有一點有一點a greatgood deal of a greatgood deal of 許多許多a large amount of a large amount of 許多許多C、既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾不可數(shù) 名詞的修飾語somesome 一些一些 any any 一些、任何一些、任何a lot ofa lot of很多很多 lots oflots of很多很多 all all 全部的全部的 plenty ofplenty of 充足的充足的enough enough 足夠的足夠的 mostmost 大多數(shù)的大多數(shù)的ha

20、rdly any hardly any 幾乎沒有幾乎沒有 the rest of the rest of 剩下的剩下的1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993)3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. (上海上海 1

21、993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot歷年高考試題歷年高考試題4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. ene

22、rgy B. source C. power D. material (上海上海 1996)6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents alwa

23、ys let me have my own _ of living. (上海上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海上海 1998)10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海上海 1998)A

24、. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. (上海上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海上海 2000) A. r

25、ewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海上海 2001)A. range B. reach C. cont

26、rol D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海上海 2002)17. To regain their _ after an exha

27、usting game, the players lay in the grass. (上海上海 2002) A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation (上海上海 2002)19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (上海上海 2002) A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _