APPhysicsBHydrostatics學(xué)習(xí)課程

1、States of MatterBefore we begin to understand the nature of a Fluid we must understand the nature of all the states of matter:The 3 primary states of matter - solid - Definite shape and volume. - liquid -Takes the shape of its container, yet has a definite volume. - gas - Takes the shape and volume

2、of its container.Special states - Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate第1頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第一頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。DensityThe 3 primary states have a distinct density, which is defined as mass per unit of volume.Density is represented by the Greek letter, “RHO”, r第2頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第二頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。What is a Fluid?By definition,

3、a fluid is any material that is unable to withstand a static shear stress. Unlike an elastic solid which responds to a shear stress with a recoverable deformation, a fluid responds with an irrecoverable flow.Examples of fluids include gases and liquids.第3頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第三頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Why fluids are usefu

4、l in physics?Typically, liquids are considered to be incompressible. That is once you place a liquid in a sealed container you can DO WORK on the FLUID as if it were an object. The PRESSURE you apply is transmitted throughout the liquid and over the entire length of the fluid itself.第4頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第四頁(yè)，編輯于星

5、期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。PressureOne of most important applications of a fluid is its pressure- defined as a Force per unit Area第5頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第五頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。ExampleA water bed is 2.0 m on a side an 30.0 cm deep.(a) Find its weight if the density of water is 1000 kg/m3.(b) Find the pressure the that the water bed ex

6、erts on the floor. Assume that the entire lower surface of the bed makes contact with the floor.mgWVmVmVa100030. 022)r1.2 m31200 kg11760 N2411760)mNAmgAFPb2940 N/m2第6頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第六頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Hydrostatic PressureSuppose a Fluid (such as a liquid) is at REST, we call this HYDROSTATIC PRESSURETwo impor

7、tant points A fluid will exert a pressure in all directions A fluid will exert a pressure perpendicular to any surface it compactsNotice that the arrows on TOP of the objects are smaller than at the BOTTOM. This is because pressure is greatly affected by the DEPTH of the object. Since the bottom of

8、each object is deeper than the top the pressure is greater at the bottom.第7頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第七頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Pressure vs. DepthSuppose we had an object submerged in water with the top part touching the atmosphere. If we were to draw an FBD for this object we would have three forces1.The weight of the object2

9、.The force of the atmosphere pressing down3.The force of the water pressing upmgFatmFwaterFwater= Fatm + mg第8頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第八頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Pressure vs. DepthBut recall, pressure is force per unit area. So if we solve for force we can insert our new equation in.ghPPAhgAPPAAhVVgAPPAVmVmmgAPPAmgFFAFPooooatm

10、waterrrrrrNote: The initial pressure in this case is atmospheric pressure, which is a CONSTANT.Po=1x105 N/m2第9頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第九頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。A closer look at Pressure vs. DepthghPPorABSOLUTE PRESSUREInitial Pressure May or MAY NOT be atmospheric pressureDepth below surfaceghPrGauge Pressure = CHANGE in pr

11、essure or the DIFFERENCE in the initial and absolute pressure第10頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Examplea) Calculate the absolute pressure at an ocean depth of 1000 m. Assume that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and that Po= 1.01 x 105 Pa (N/m2).b) Calculate the total force exerted on the outside of a 30

12、.0 cm diameter circular submarine window at this depth.PxPghPPo)1000)(8 . 9)(1000(1015r22)30. 0(FrFAFP9.9x106 N/m22.80 x 106 N第11頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十一頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。A closed systemIf you take a liquid and place it in a system that is CLOSED like plumbing for example or a cars brake line, the PRESSURE is the s

13、ame everywhere.Since this is true, if you apply a force at one part of the system the pressure is the same at the other end of the system. The force, on the other hand MAY or MAY NOT equal the initial force applied. It depends on the AREA.You can take advantage of the fact that the pressure is the s

14、ame in a closed system as it has MANY applications.The idea behind this is called PASCALS PRINCIPLE第12頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十二頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Pascals Principle第13頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十三頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Another Example - BrakesIn the case of a cars brake pads, you have a small initial force applied by you on the brake pedal. Th

15、is transfers via a brake line, which had a small cylindrical area. The brake fluid then enters a chamber with more AREA allowing a LARGE FORCE to be applied on the brake shoes, which in turn slow the car down.shoepadbrakeshoepadbrakepedalbrakepedalbrakeAFAFPP/21第14頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十四頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。BuoyancyW

16、hen an object is immersed in a fluid, such as a liquid, it is buoyed UPWARD by a force called the BUOYANT FORCE.When the object is placed in fluid is DISPLACES a certain amount of fluid. If the object is completely submerged, the VOLUME of the OBJECT is EQUAL to the VOLUME of FLUID it displaces.第15頁(yè)

17、/共19頁(yè)第十五頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Archimedess Principle An object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.In the figure, we see that the difference between the weight in AIR and the weight in WATER is 3 lbs. This is the buoyant force that acts upward to cancel out part of the force

18、. If you were to weight the water displaced it also would weigh 3 lbs.第16頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十六頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。Archimedess PrincipleFluidobjectFluidBFLUIDBVVVgFVmmgF)()(rr第17頁(yè)/共19頁(yè)第十七頁(yè)，編輯于星期五：十點(diǎn) 三十六分。ExampleA bargain hunter purchases a gold crown at a flea market. After she gets home, she hangs it from a scale and finds its weight in air to be 7.84 N. She then weighs the crown while it is immersed in water (density of water is 1000 kg/m3) and now the scale reads 6.86 N. Is the crown made of pure gold if