北大神經(jīng)生物學(xué)課件2-1神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞-神經(jīng)元

1、Cellular NeurobiologyNeuroscience Research InstitutePeking UniversityDepartment of NeurobiologyPeking University Health Science CenterAlbert Cheung-Hoi YU 于常海于常海北京大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所北京大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所One of the Cajals many drawings of Brain circuityThe letters label the different elements Cajal identified in an area

2、 of the human cerebral cortex that controls voluntary movement. Neurons: Excitable cells “wiring” “Signal Senders” Neuroglia: Support, Nurturing, InsulationCellular ComponentsNerve CellsNeuronsNeuroglia Cell body (soma; perikaryon) Axon : only one (branches are collaterals; terminals are end feet) D

3、endrites : much shorter; one or more than one; branch extensively into dendritic treesStructure of NeuronsAxon Hillock(Axonal end feet)The Axon and Axon Collaterals Cell Body (Soma): Life Support Protein Synthesis Single Nucleus, RER (Nissl Bodies) Axon: Longest process transmits messages away from

4、cell body Dendrites: Multiple processes off cell body receive messagesNeurons Structure & Function Neurons are similar to other cells in the body in some ways such as:1. Neurons are surrounded by a membrane. 2. Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes. 3. Neurons contain : What are inside of a

5、 neuron?Nucleus NucleolusMicrofilaments/NeurotubulesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Mitochondria Golgi ApparatusNissl BodiesOthers Dendrites : dendrite tree Axon : axon hillock (axon origination) axonal transport system initial segment (first myelin sheath) action potential generation myelin sheath Axon

6、and DendritesAxonsDendritesTake information away from the cell bodyTake information to the cell bodySmooth surfaceRough surface (dendritic spines)Generally only 1 axon per cellUsually many dendrites per cellNo ribosomeHave ribosomesCan have myelinNo myelin insulationBranch further from the cell body

7、Branch near the cell bodyDifferences between Axons and DendritesNeuron Classification by ShapeMultipolar: “multi-” many processesMajority: Single axon, many dendrites (motor neuron and interneuron)Bipolar: “bi-” 2 processes Found in some sensory organs (retina, taste, smell, inner ear neuron) Unipol

8、ar (pseudo-unipolar): “uni -” 1 process (with branches)Sensory afferent neurons (dorsal root ganglia)Classification of Neurons by MorphologyClassification of Neurons by Axon Length1. Golgi type I NeuronsLong axons (longest from the cortex to the tip of spinal cord, 50-70 cm)2. Golgi type II NeuronsS

9、hort axons (shortest axons terminate only a few micron from cell body, interneurons)3. Amacrine NeuronsAn unusual cell type, lack axonsSensory neuron from receptor to CNS; receive stimuli and transmit afferent impulses to CNSInterneurons communicating between neurons; form circuits in the CNSMotor n

10、euron from CNS to effector cells; deliver efferent impulses out through the PNS to the effectors to carry out the actions directed by the CNSFunctional Classification of Neuron EXCITABLE Membrane: Able to regulate the movement of ions (charges) across and along membrane SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION DO NOT Re

11、plicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced!Important Features of NeuronsAction PotentialFour Functional Regions of Model Neurons Impulse transmission : electrical chemical Morphology : axodendritic axonsomatic axoaxonic dendrodendriticClassification of Synapsessynapse4Vesicles release Neurotransmitte

12、rs Chemical synapse : presynaptic knob (presynaptic component) synaptic vesicles synaptic cleft postsynaptic membrane (postsynaptic component) Electrical synapse : gap junctionsSynapse Structures Types of synapseDis-tanceCytoplasmic continuityUltrastruct-ural componentAgent of trans-missionSynaptic

13、delayDirection of trans-missionElectrical3.5 nmYesGap-junction channelIon currentVirtually absentUsually bidirectionalChemical20-40 nmNoPresynaptic vesicle and active zone; postsynaptic receptorsChemical transmittersSignificant: at least 0.3 ms; usually 1-5 ms or longerUni-directional Distinguishing

14、 Properties of Electrical and Chemical SynapsesAt a chemical synapse, neurons transmit information across a cleft.1. Small Molecule Neurotransmitter SubstancesAcetylcholine (ACh); Dopamine (DA); Norepinephrine (NE); Serotonin (5-HT); Histamine2. Amino AcidsGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); Glycine; Gl

15、utamate; Aspartate3.Neuroactive Peptides - partial list!Bradykinin; beta-endorphin; calcitonin; cholecystokinin; enkephalin; dynorphin; insulin; gastrin; substance P; glucagon; secretin; vasopressin; oxytocin, etc. List of Some Neurotransmitters Axonal transport : intracellular communication Bidirec

16、tional mechanism : anterograde transport retrograde transport Classified by transport rates : slow transport system (0.2 to 1 mm/day) fast transport system (200 to 400 mm/day)Axonal Transport SystemsHitching a Ride on “Retrorail”Membranes of organelles involved in synaptic transmission are returned

17、to the cell body for reuse or degradationNucleusCytoskeleton(Anterograde transport)ComponentRate (mm/day)Structure and compositionFast transport Anterograde 200-400Small vesiculotubular structures, neurotransmitters; membrane proteins and lipidsMitochondria50-100MitochondriaRetrograde 200-300Lysosom

18、al vesicles and enzymesSlow transport SCb2-8Microfilaments, metabolic enzymes, clathrin complexSCa0.2-1Neurofilaments and microtubulesMajor Rate Components of Axonal Transport1. Neurons have specialized projections called dendrites and axons. Dendrites take information to the cell body and axons take information away from the