2013高考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)必備Word版

1、英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法保定職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院歡迎你http：/一、 冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法1指一類(lèi)人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.有個(gè)男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類(lèi)似性質(zhì)的人或事 Hello, could I

2、 speak to Mr. Smith?Sorry, wrong number. There isn't_ Mr. Smith here.A. 不填 B. a C. the D. oneThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷鋒）6用于固定詞組中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too,

3、 how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前success(抽象名詞)a success(具體化) 成功的人或事a failure 失敗的人或事 a shame 帶來(lái)恥辱的人或事1 / 12a pity 可惜或遺憾的事 a must 必需必備的事a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知識(shí)II. 定冠詞的用法1表示某一類(lèi)人或物In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportatio

4、n.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于演奏樂(lè)器play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類(lèi)人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對(duì)比上文的不定冠詞用法5）Could you tell me the way to _ John

5、sons, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village.A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞

6、之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s(二十世紀(jì)九十年代)11用于表示度量單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞He patted me on the shoulder.III. 不用冠詞（又名零冠詞）的用法1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is t

7、his?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5表示球類(lèi)，棋類(lèi)等運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent.A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填7

8、以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.二、名詞和主謂一致I. 名詞的種類(lèi)專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞特別注意名詞類(lèi)別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換個(gè)體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例 句意 義名詞性質(zhì)She held some flowers in her hand.The trees are now in flower花兒個(gè)體名詞開(kāi)花抽象名詞Youth is beautiful.He is a

9、 youth of twenty青春抽象名詞年輕人個(gè)體名詞They have achieved remarkable success in their work.How about the Christmas evening party?I should say it was a success.成功抽象名詞成功的事個(gè)體名詞物質(zhì)名詞與個(gè)體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例 句意 義名詞性質(zhì)Iron is a kind of metal.Please lend me your iron.鐵物質(zhì)名詞熨斗個(gè)體名詞He broke a piece of glass.He broke a glass.玻璃物質(zhì)名詞玻璃杯個(gè)

10、體名詞I bought a chicken this morningPlease help yourself to some chicken小雞個(gè)體名詞雞肉物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞與個(gè)體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動(dòng)詞（如：have等）連用，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作Id like_information about the management of your hotel,please.Well, you could have_word with the manager. He might be helpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,aThey

11、 sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞）A.a B.an C./ D.theCould we have word before you go to the meeting? 話（個(gè)體名詞）A.a B.an C./ D.the類(lèi)例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a looktake a walk/a bath make an advance(進(jìn)步)/make an early start(早點(diǎn)出發(fā))/make a decision/make a

12、change/give a cry of pain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try表示知識(shí)和時(shí)間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示其中的一部分Many people agree that_knowledge of English is a must in_international trade today.A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, thea knowledge of truth(知道實(shí)際情況)give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關(guān)于中國(guó)更為翔實(shí)的知識(shí))have a knowledge of shortha

13、nd(有速記的知識(shí))If there were no examination, we should have_at school.A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time is money.A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來(lái)表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果。這時(shí)名詞前往往有形容詞修飾Oh, John. _you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.Ho

14、w pleasant surpriseC.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseShe looked up when I shouted.A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surpriseIt is_work of art that everyone wants to have a l

15、ook at it.A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusualII. 名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關(guān)語(yǔ)法書(shū)）。英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請(qǐng)看下表規(guī) 則例 詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers

16、, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), dri

17、nks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers

18、-by, story-tellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 主謂一致規(guī)則情 況舉 例語(yǔ)法一以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.致原則Reading in the sun is bad for your

19、 eyes. What he said is very important for us all.由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.由連接詞and或bothand連接起來(lái)的主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。但若所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)就用單數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, ea

20、ch, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some, any no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes

21、 it.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter若none of 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.在定語(yǔ)從句里，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。Those

22、who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class