美國法學(xué)會《侵權(quán)法重述_第三次_產(chǎn)品責(zé)任編》

1、美國法學(xué)會侵權(quán)法重述第三次產(chǎn)品責(zé)任編(條文翻譯校對稿)王竹四川大學(xué)法學(xué)院副教授restatement of the law, third, torts: products liability (black letters)copyright © 1998 by the american law institute說明：本譯本僅系為中國侵權(quán)責(zé)任法起草研究、參考目 的，根據(jù)肖永平、龔樂凡、汪雪飛譯，肖永平審校：侵權(quán)法重 述第三版：產(chǎn)品責(zé)任，法律出版社2006年版譯本校對而成，僅 供個人學(xué)習(xí)、研究參考之用，請勿用于其他任何目的，后果自負(fù)。 相關(guān)譯文具體細(xì)節(jié)請參見注釋。第一章基于銷售

2、時產(chǎn)品缺陷的商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者責(zé)任chapter 1- liability of commercial product sellers based on product defects at time of sale主題1普遍適用于產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任規(guī)則topic 1- liability rules applicable to products generally§1.商業(yè)銷售者或者分發(fā)者因缺陷產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)1的經(jīng)營者，銷售或者分 發(fā)缺陷產(chǎn)品，應(yīng)對該缺陷所造成的人身或者財產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。1 liability of commercial seller or d

3、istributor for harm causedby defective productsone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes a defective product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect.§2.產(chǎn)品缺陷的種類產(chǎn)品在銷售或者分發(fā)時，包含制造缺陷，設(shè)計存在缺陷，或 者因為說明或警示不充分而存在缺

4、陷，則該產(chǎn)品存在缺陷。產(chǎn)品：(a) 如果背離其設(shè)計意圖，即便在該產(chǎn)品準(zhǔn)備和營銷過程中 已盡到所有可能的注意，那么(產(chǎn)品)包含制造缺陷；(b) 如果可預(yù)見的因該產(chǎn)品引起的損害風(fēng)險能夠通過銷售者 或以其他方式分發(fā)者，或者他們在分銷商業(yè)鏈中的前手，通過采 納合理替代性設(shè)計而減少或者避免，而沒有采納合理替代性設(shè)計 致使產(chǎn)品不具有合理性安全，那么(產(chǎn)品)設(shè)計存在缺陷；(c) 如果可預(yù)見的因該產(chǎn)品引起的損害風(fēng)險能夠通過銷售者 或以其他方式分發(fā)者，或者他們在分銷商業(yè)鏈中的前手，通過提 供合理的說明或警示而減少或者避免，而沒有提供合理的說明或 警示致使產(chǎn)品不具有合理性安全，那么(產(chǎn)品)因說明或警示不 足而存在

5、缺陷。2 categories of product defecta product is defective when, at the time of sale or distribution, it contains a manufacturing defect, is defective in design, or is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings. a product:(a) contains a manufacturing defect when the product departs from i

6、ts intended design even though all possible care was exercised in the preparation and marketing of the product;(b) is defective in design when the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the adoption of a reasonable alternative design by the seller or oth

7、er distributor,or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the alternative design renders the product not reasonably safe;(c) is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings when the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the product could have been reduced

8、or avoided by the provision of reasonable instructions or warnings by the seller or other distributor, or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the instructions or warnings renders the product not reasonably safe§3支持推斷產(chǎn)品缺陷的間接證據(jù)當(dāng)損害原告的事件滿足下列特征，即使沒有關(guān)于具體缺陷的 證據(jù)，也

9、可以推定原告所遭受的損害是由在產(chǎn)品在銷售或者分發(fā) 時存在的產(chǎn)品缺陷導(dǎo)致的：(a) 該事件屬于通常是由產(chǎn)品缺陷引起的類型；并且(b) 在該具體案件中，不是僅僅由于產(chǎn)品在銷售或者分發(fā)時存在的缺陷以外的原因引起的。3 circumstantial evidence supporting inference of product defect it may be inferred that the harm sustained by the plaintiff was caused by a product defect existing at the time of sale or distribu

10、tion, without proof of a specific defect, when the incident that harmed the plaintiff:(a) was of a kind that ordinarily occurs as a result of product defect; and(b) was not, in the particular case, solely the result of causes other than product defect existing at the time of sale or distribution.

11、67;4.對產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)的違反與遵守4 noncompliance and compliance with product safety statutes or regulations有關(guān)設(shè)計缺陷責(zé)任或者說明或警示不充分責(zé)任：(a) 產(chǎn)品對可適用的產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)的違反，致使產(chǎn)品 存在與該法律或法規(guī)旨在減小的風(fēng)險有關(guān)的缺陷；并且(b) 產(chǎn)品對可適用的產(chǎn)品安全法律或法規(guī)的遵守，在決定該 產(chǎn)品是否存在與該法律或法規(guī)旨在減小的風(fēng)險有關(guān)的缺陷時應(yīng)該 予以適當(dāng)考慮，但這種遵守并不排除作為法律問題對產(chǎn)品缺陷的 認(rèn)定。in connection with liability for defectiv

12、e design or inadequateinstructions or warnings:(a) a products noncompliance with an applicable product safety statute or administrative regulation renders the product defective with respect to the risks sought to be reduced by the statute or regulation; and(b) a products compliance with an applicabl

13、e product safety statute or administrative regulation is properly considered in determining whether the product is defective with respect to the risks sought to be reduced by the statute or regulation, but such compliance does not preclude as a matter of law a finding of product defect主題2適用于特殊產(chǎn)品或產(chǎn)品市

14、場的責(zé)任規(guī)則topic 2- liability rules applicable to special products or product markets§5產(chǎn)品零件商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對裝配了該零件的產(chǎn)品導(dǎo) 致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事產(chǎn)品零件銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營者，銷售或分 銷產(chǎn)品零件，應(yīng)對對裝配了該零件的產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致的人身或財產(chǎn)損害 承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果：(a) 該零件自身存在本章所定義的缺陷，并且該缺陷導(dǎo)致了 該損害；或(b) (1)該零件的銷售者或分銷者實質(zhì)上參與了將該零件 裝配入該產(chǎn)品設(shè)計；并且(2)該零件的裝配導(dǎo)致該產(chǎn)品存在本章 所定義的缺陷；并且(3)產(chǎn)品的該項缺陷造成了該損害

15、。5 liability of commercial seller or distributor of product components for harm caused by products into which components are integrated one engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing product components who sells or distributes a component is subject to liability for harm to persons

16、 or property caused by a product into which the component is integrated if:(a) the component is defective in itself, as defined in this chapter, and the defect causes the harm;or (b)(1) the seller or distributor of the component substantially participates in the integration of the component into the

17、 design of the product; and (2) the integration of the component causes the product to be defective, as defined in this chapter; and (3) the defect in the product causes the harm§6商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對缺陷處方藥和醫(yī)療設(shè)備導(dǎo)致?lián)p害 的責(zé)任(a) 處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備的制造商銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)有 缺陷的處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備，應(yīng)對該缺陷對人身造成的傷害承擔(dān)責(zé) 任。處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備是指必須依據(jù)衛(wèi)生保健提供者的處方才能

18、合法地銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的藥品或設(shè)備。2(b) 為第a款規(guī)定的責(zé)任目的，如果在銷售或以其他方式分 銷時處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備符合下列情形之一的，存在缺陷：(1)包 含第2條第a款所定義的制造缺陷；或(2)由于本條第c款所定 義的設(shè)計缺陷而不具有合理的安全性；或(3)由于本條第d款所 定義的說明或警示不充分而不具有合理的安全性。(c) 如果某種藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備引起的可預(yù)見的損害風(fēng)險與其 可預(yù)見的治療效果相比十分巨大3,以致理性的衛(wèi)生保健提供者 在知道可預(yù)見的風(fēng)險和治療效果的情況下，都不會給任何一類患 者開具該藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備的處方，那么該處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備由于 設(shè)計缺陷而不具有合理的安全性(d) 如果關(guān)

19、于可預(yù)見的損害風(fēng)險的合理說明或者警示未能提 供給以下對象，那么處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備由于說明或警示不充分而 不具有合理的安全性：(1) 處于依據(jù)說明或警示降低損害風(fēng)險環(huán)節(jié)4的開具處方或 者其他衛(wèi)生保健提供者；或(2)在處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備制造者知道 或有理由知道的衛(wèi)生保健提供者不會處于依據(jù)說明或警示降低損 害風(fēng)險環(huán)節(jié)情況下的病人。(e) 處方藥或醫(yī)療設(shè)備的零售商或其他分發(fā)者應(yīng)對該藥品或 設(shè)備所致的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果：(1)該藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備在銷售或以其他方式分銷時包含第2 款第a款所定義的制造缺陷；或(2)該藥品或醫(yī)療設(shè)備在銷售或 以其他方式分銷時或在此之前，零售商或其他分發(fā)者未盡合理注 意，并因此導(dǎo)致了

20、人身傷害。6 liability of commercial seller or distributor for harm causedby defective prescription drugs and medical devices(a) a manufacturer of a prescription drug or medical device who sells or otherwise distributes a defective drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm to persons caused

21、by the defect. a prescription drug or medical device is one that may be legally sold or otherwise distributed only pursuant to a health-care providers prescriptio n.(b) for purposes of liability under subsection(a) , a prescription drug or medical device is defective if at the time of sale or other

22、distribution the drug or medical device:(1) contains a manufacturing defect as defined in 2(a); or(2) is not reasonably safe due to defective design as defined in subsection(c) ; or (3) is not reasonably safe due to inadequate instructions or warnings as defined in subsection (d).(c) a prescription

23、drug or medical device is not reasonably safe due to defective design if the foreseeable risks of harm posed by the drug or medical device are sufficiently great in relation to its foreseeable therapeutic benefits that reasonable health-care providers, knowing of such foreseeable risks and therapeut

24、ic benefits, would not prescribe the drug or medical device for any class of patients(d) a prescription drug or medical device is not reasonably safe due to inadequate instructions or warnings if reasonable instructions or warnings regarding foreseeable risks of harm are not provided to:(1) prescrib

25、ing and other health-care providers who are in a position to reduce the risks of harm in accordance with the instructions or warnings; or (2) the patient when the manufacturer knows or has reason to know that health-care providers will not be in a position to reduce the risks of harm in accordance w

26、ith the instructions or warnings(e) a retail seller or other distributor of a prescription drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm caused by the drug or device if:(1) at the time of sale or other distribution the drug or medical device contains a manufacturing defect as defined in 2(

27、a); or(2) at or before the time of sale or other distribution of the drug or medical device the retail seller or other distributor fails to exercise reasonable care and such failure causes harm to persons§7商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對缺陷食品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任從事食品銷售或者分銷經(jīng)營活動者，銷售或者以其他方式分 發(fā)存在第2、3、4規(guī)定的缺陷的食品，應(yīng)對該缺陷所造成的人身 或財產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。根

28、據(jù)第2條第a款的規(guī)定，如果一個合理 的消費者不能預(yù)見該食品中含有此種成分，則食品中的該致害成 分構(gòu)成缺陷。7 liability of commercial seller or distributor for harm causedby defective food productsone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing food products who sells or distributes a food product that is defective under §2, §

29、3, or §4 is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect. under §2(a), a harm-causing ingredient of the food product constitutes a defect if a reasonable consumer would not expect the food product to contain that ingredient.§8商業(yè)銷售者或分銷者對存在缺陷的舊貨導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任 從事舊貨銷

30、售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營者，銷售或分發(fā)有 缺陷的舊貨，應(yīng)對該缺陷所造成的人身或財產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如 果該缺陷：(a) 源于銷售者未盡合理注意；或(b) 是第2條第a款所規(guī)定的制造缺陷，或第3條規(guī)定的可 以推斷出的缺陷，并且銷售者的產(chǎn)品營銷會使處于與購買者相同 環(huán)節(jié)的理性人期望該舊貨不會比該產(chǎn)品全新時具有更大的風(fēng)險； 或者(c) 是第2條和第3條規(guī)定的經(jīng)過銷售者或商業(yè)分發(fā)鏈條中 的前手重制習(xí)的舊貨；或者(d) 源于根據(jù)第4條的規(guī)定，舊貨違反了適用于舊貨的產(chǎn)品 安全法律或法規(guī)。舊貨是指在本條中提到的銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)之前，被 商業(yè)性地出售或者以其他方式分發(fā)給商業(yè)分發(fā)鏈條以外的購買者 并被使用

31、了一段時間的產(chǎn)品。8 liability of commercial seller or distributor of defective used productsone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing used products who sells or distributes a defective used product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect if the defe

32、ct:(a) arises from the sellers failure to exercise reasonable care; or(b) is a manufacturing defect under §2(a) or a defect that may be inferred under §3 and the seller,smarketing of the product would cause a reasonable person in the position of the buyer to expect the used product to pres

33、ent no greater risk of defect than if the product were new; or(c) is a defect under §2 or §3 in a used product remanufactured by the seller or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution of the used product; or (d) arises from a used products noncompliance under §4 with a pr

34、oduct safety statute or regulation applicable to the used product.a used product is a product that, prior to the time of sale or other distribution referred to in this section, is commercially sold or otherwise distributed to a buyer not in the commercial chain of distribution and used for some peri

35、od of time.第二章非基于銷售時產(chǎn)品缺陷的商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者責(zé)任chapter 2 liability of commercial product sellers not basedon product defects at time of sale§9商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者或分銷者因錯誤陳述導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任 從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營者，對與產(chǎn)品有關(guān) 的重要事實作出與產(chǎn)品銷售有關(guān)的欺詐性的、有過失的或者無知 的錯誤陳述，應(yīng)對錯誤陳述導(dǎo)致的人身或財產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。9 liability of commercial product seller or distributor for

36、 harm caused by misrepresentationone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who, in connection with the sale of a product, makes a fraudulent, negligent, or innocent misrepresentation of material fact concerning the product is subject to liability for harm to persons o

37、r property caused by the misrepresentation.§10.商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者或分銷者因售后未能警示導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)(a) 因銷售者未能在產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)后提出警 示而導(dǎo)致人身或財產(chǎn)損害，如果一個處于銷售者環(huán)節(jié)的理性人應(yīng) 該會提出這樣的警示，從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營 者應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任。(b) 一個處于銷售者環(huán)節(jié)的理性人，應(yīng)該會在銷售之后提出警示，如果:(1) 銷售者知道或者理應(yīng)知道產(chǎn)品引起了實質(zhì)性的人身或財產(chǎn)損害風(fēng)險；而且(3) a warning can be effectively communicated to and acted

38、on by those to whom a warning might be provided; and(2) 那些應(yīng)該被提供警示的人能夠被確定，并且可以合理的 被假設(shè)并不知道該損害風(fēng)險；而且(3) 警示能夠被有效地傳達(dá)給那些應(yīng)該被提供警示并根據(jù)警 示采取行動的人；并且(4) 損害風(fēng)險十分巨大，使得承擔(dān)提供警示的負(fù)擔(dān)有充足的 理由。10 liability of commercial product seller or distributor for harm caused by post-sale failure to warn (a) one engaged in the business

39、 of selling or otherwise distributing products is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the seller,sfailure to provide a warning after the time of sale or distribution of a product if a reasonable person in the sellers position would provide such a warning.(b) a reasonable p

40、erson in the seller,sposition would provide a warning after the time of sale if:(1) the seller knows or reasonably should know that the productposes a substantial risk of harm to persons or property; and(2) those to whom a warning might be provided can be identified and can reasonably be assumed to

41、be unaware of the risk of harm; and(4) the risk of harm is sufficiently great to justify the burden of providing a warning.§11.商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者或分銷者因售后未能召回產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害 的責(zé)任滿足下列條件時，從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營 者，應(yīng)對銷售者未能在銷售或分銷后召回該產(chǎn)品從而導(dǎo)致的人身 或財產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任：(a) (1)依據(jù)法律或法規(guī)頒發(fā)的政府命令，明確要求銷售 者或分銷者召回該產(chǎn)品。或(2) 在沒有根據(jù)第a款第1項召回要求的情況下，銷售者或 分銷者承

42、諾召回該產(chǎn)品；而且(b) 銷售者或分銷者未能在召回產(chǎn)品過程中作為理性人行 事。11 liability of commercial product seller or distributor for harm caused by post-sale failure to recall productone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the seller

43、,sfailure to recall a product after the time of sale or distribution if:(a) (1) a governmental directive issued pursuant to a statute or administrative regulation specifically requires the seller or distributor to recall the product; or(2) the seller or distributor, in the absence of a recall requir

44、ement under subsection (a)(1), undertakes to recall the product; and(b) the seller or distributor fails to act as a reasonable person in recalling the product.第三章后手和非真正制造者責(zé)任chapter 3- liability of successors and apparent manufacturers §12后手對前手商業(yè)性銷售的缺陷產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任 取得前手公司或其他經(jīng)濟實體資產(chǎn)的后手公司或其他經(jīng)濟實 體應(yīng)對經(jīng)該前手

45、商業(yè)性銷售或以其他方式分發(fā)的缺陷產(chǎn)品所造成 的人身或財產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果此種取得：(a) 附有后手承擔(dān)相關(guān)責(zé)任的協(xié)議；或者(b) 是為逃避債務(wù)責(zé)任或前手責(zé)任而欺詐性財產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié) 果；(c) 構(gòu)成與前手的聯(lián)營或合并；或者(d) 導(dǎo)致后手成為前手的延續(xù)。12 liability of successor for harm caused by defective products sold commercially by predecessor a successor corporation or other business entity that acquires assets of a pr

46、edecessor corporation or other business entity is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by a defective product sold or otherwise distributed commercially by the predecessor 訐 the acquisition:(a) is accompanied by an agreement for the successor to assume such liability; or(b) re

47、sults from a fraudulent conveyance to escape liability for the debts or liabilities of the predecessor; or(c) constitutes a consolidation or merger with the predecessor; or(d) results in the successor becoming a continuation of the predecessor.§13后手對后手自己售后未能警示導(dǎo)致?lián)p害的責(zé)任(a) 取得前手公司或其他經(jīng)濟實體資產(chǎn)的后手公司或其他經(jīng)

48、 濟實體，無論根據(jù)第12條的規(guī)定是否應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)，因?qū)ζ湮茨芫颓?手已銷售或分發(fā)的產(chǎn)品所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險警示用戶而造成的人身或財 產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果：(1) 該后手承諾或同意為該產(chǎn)品提供維護或修理服務(wù)，或者 與前手產(chǎn)品的購買者形成類似的關(guān)系而獲得實際或潛在經(jīng)濟利 益，并且(2) 一個處于該后手環(huán)節(jié)的理性人將提出警示。(b) 一個處于該后手環(huán)節(jié)的理性人將提出警示，如果：(1)該后手知道或者理應(yīng)知道產(chǎn)品引起了實質(zhì)性的人身或財產(chǎn)損害風(fēng)險；并且(2)那些應(yīng)該被提供警示的人能夠被確定，并且可以合理的被假設(shè)并不知道該損害風(fēng)險；而且(3) 警示能夠被有效地傳達(dá)給那些應(yīng)該被提供警示并根據(jù)警 示釆取行動的人；并且(4)

49、 損害風(fēng)險十分巨大，使得承擔(dān)提供警示的負(fù)擔(dān)有充足的 理由。13 liability of successor for harm caused by successor own post-sale failure to warn(a) a successor corporation or other business entity that acquires assets of a predecessor corporation or other business entity, whether or not liable under the rule stated in §12, i

50、s subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the successors failure to warn of a risk created by a product sold or distributed by the predecessor if:(1) the successor undertakes or agrees to provide services for maintenance or repair of the product or enters into a similar relati

51、onship with purchasers of the predecessors products giving rise to actual or potential economic advantage to the successor, and(2) a reasonable person in the position of the successor would provide a warning.(b) a reasonable person in the position of the successor wouldprovide a warning if:(1) the s

52、uccessor knows or reasonably should know that the product poses a substantial risk of harm to persons or property; and(2) those to whom a warning might be provided can be identified and can reasonably be assumed to be unaware of the risk of harm; and(3) a warning can be effectively communicated to a

53、nd acted on by those to whom a warning might be provided; and(4) the risk of harm is sufficiently great to justify the burden of providing a warning.§14.將他人制造的產(chǎn)品作為自己產(chǎn)品的銷售或分銷從事產(chǎn)品銷售或者以其他方式分發(fā)的經(jīng)營者，將他人制造的 產(chǎn)品作為自己產(chǎn)品的銷售或分銷，應(yīng)該承擔(dān)與如果該銷售者或者 分銷者就是該產(chǎn)品制造者相同的責(zé)任。14 selling or distributing as one，s own a product

54、 manufactured by anotherone engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes as its own a product manufactured by another is subject to the same liability as though the seller or distributor were the products manufacturer.第四章具有普遍適用性的條款chapter 4- provisio

55、ns of general applicability 主題1因果關(guān)系topic 1- causation§15 支配產(chǎn)品缺陷與損害之間因果聯(lián)系的通則產(chǎn)品缺陷是否導(dǎo)致人身或財產(chǎn)損害根據(jù)侵權(quán)法上支配因果關(guān) 系的通行規(guī)則和原則來確定。15 general rule governing causal connection between product defect and harmwhether a product defect caused harm to persons or property is determined by the prevailing rules and pri

56、nciples governing causation in tort.§16產(chǎn)品缺陷導(dǎo)致的損害擴大(a) 當(dāng)產(chǎn)品在商業(yè)銷售或以其他方式分發(fā)時存在缺陷，而且 該缺陷使得原告的損害擴大到因其他原因造成的損害之外，該產(chǎn) 品銷售者應(yīng)對擴大的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。(b) 如果有證據(jù)支持確定沒有產(chǎn)品缺陷情形下其他原因會造 成的損害，那么該產(chǎn)品銷售者的責(zé)任就僅限于可歸責(zé)于產(chǎn)品缺陷 的損害擴大部分6。(c) 如果沒有證據(jù)支持確定第b款規(guī)定的沒有產(chǎn)品缺陷情形 下其他原因會造成的損害，那么該產(chǎn)品銷售者應(yīng)對可歸責(zé)于該缺 陷及其他原因的全部原告損害負(fù)責(zé)。(d) 被判決7根據(jù)第b款對原告遭受的部分損害或根據(jù)第c 款

57、對原告的全部損害負(fù)責(zé)的缺陷產(chǎn)品銷售者，與其他對造成損害 應(yīng)負(fù)法律責(zé)任的當(dāng)事人，由可適用的連帶責(zé)任規(guī)則確定承擔(dān)連帶 責(zé)任或按份責(zé)任.16 increased harm due to product defect(a) when a product is defective at the time of commercial sale or other distribution and the defect is a substantial factor in increasing the plaintiffs harm beyond that which would have resulted

58、from other causes,the product seller is subject to liability for the increased harm.(b) if proof supports a determination of the harm that would have resulted from other causes in the absence of the product defect, the product seller,liability is limited to the increased harm attributable solely to

59、the product defect.(c) if proof does not support a determination under subsection (b) of the harm that would have resulted in the absence of the product defect, the product seller is liable for all of the plaintiffs harm attributable to the defect and other causes.(d) a seller of a defective product that is held liable for part of the harm suffered b