四川大學2016獨家真題

1、.四川大學 2016 年博士研究生英語入學考試試題考生請注意：1.本試題共 5 大題，共 11 頁，請考生注意檢杏 .考試時間為 180 分鐘2. 1-70 題答案請?zhí)顚懺跈C讀卡相應處，否則不給分。3.翻譯和作文題答在答題紙上，答在試題上不給分。書寫要求字跡消楚、工整。i. reading comprehension (30%; one mark each) directions: read the following six passages. answer the questions below each passage by choosing a, b, c, or d. write y

2、our answers on the answer sheet. passage one when a person begins a mediatedor immediate encounter, he already stands in some kind of social relationship to the others concerned, and expects to stand in a given relationship to them after the particular encounter ends. this, of course, is one of the

3、ways in which social contacts are geared into the wider society. much of the activity occurring during an encounter can be understood as an effort on everyonespart to get through the occasion and all the unanticipated and unintentional events that can cast participants in an undesirable light, witho

4、ut disrupting the relationships of the participants. and if relationships are in the process of change，the object will be to bring the encounter to a satisfactory close without altering the expected course of development. the perspective nicely accounts, for example, for the little ceremonies of gre

5、eting and farewell which occur when people begin a conversational encounter or depart from one. greetings provide a way of showing that a relationship is still what it was at the termination of the previous co-participation, and, typically, that this relationship involves sufficient suppression of h

6、ostility for the participants temporarily to drop their guards and talk. farewells sum up the effect of the encounter upon the relationship and show what the participants may expect of one another when they next meet. the enthusiasm of greetings compensates for the weakening of the relationship caus

7、ed by the absence just terminated, while the enthusiasm of farewells compensates the relationship for the harm that is about to be done to it by separation. it seems to be a characteristic obligation of many social relationships that each of the members guarantees to support a given face for the oth

8、er members in given situations. to prevent disruption of these relationships, it is therefore necessarily for each member to avoid destroying the others face. at the same time, it is often the person s social relationship with others that leads him to participate in certain encounters with them, whe

9、re incidentally he will be dependent upon them for supporting his face. furthermore, in many relationships, the members come to share a face, so that in the presence of third parties an improper act on the part of one member becomes a source of acute embarrassment to the other members. a social rela

10、tionship, then, can be seen as a way in which the person is more than ordinarily forced to trust his self-image and face to the tact and good conduct of others. .1 .the last word of the first sentence, nam ely “ends is most likely b . a a noun, meaning “purposes ” or “objectives”b a verb, meaning “c

11、omes to a finish” c a postpositional adjective, meaning “finishing”d an adjective, meaning “purposeful”2. according to the author, if any unexpected difficulties occur in a social contact, b . a the relationships between the participants break up b those who participate will be in an unintentional e

12、vent c all participants would try to maintain their relationships |d the participants will certainly get through an activity 3. which of the following is not an idea of the author? c a the participants hope their relationship would be the same as they met last. b greetings are just as important as f

13、arewells in a social encounter. c before every greeting there is always sufficient hostility to suppress. d if their relationship changes, the participants want it to change as they hoped. 4. the last sentence of the second paragraph means that . a a ones self-image is dependent on how others behave

14、 b face and self-image are two different kinds of relationships c social relationship is something that is forced on all participants d to get along well with others is a process of giving each other face 5. the best title for this passage may well be . a a face and social relationship b how to cond

15、uct socially c greetings and farewells d conversational sociology passage two （tips:出現(xiàn)人名字的地方用筆圈出來，數(shù)字用筆圈出來）the poet william blake wrote in the early nineteenth century: “great things are done when men and mountains meet.”great things indeed were done on mount everest in may of 1996. also poignant thi

16、ngs, foolish things, deadly things ：hundreds of climbers from eleven different expeditions were on the mountain - thirty-one near the summit - when a freakish and fierce-some storm blew in. eight climbers perished, the highest one-day death toll since the first expedition tried to reach the top of t

17、he worlds tallest peak in 1921.adventurers have always sought challenges: deeper jungles, wider oceans, newer worlds. but mountains have been special. perhaps its their size, their power, their resistance to conquest. inpatrick meyers s play k2, a marooned climber on the himalaya peak that gives the

18、 play its name delivers this line: “mountains are metaphors. ” and so they are. climbers search not just for summits but also for themselves. they reach up to reach in. that helps explain why everest has been enveloped by “mountain madness， ”.the name of a seattle company that offers guided tours of

19、 the peak for about $65,000 (plus airfare to nepal). new technology and equipment have also helped: lighter gear, warmer clothing, better radios and telephones. and the adventure can be shared, practically in real time, with internet browsers around the world. but the community of high-mountain expl

20、orers now is gripped by soul-searching and second-guessing. everest, after all, is not a theme peak. some of the dead were experienced guides who lost their lives trying to save less agile amateurs. said mark bryant, editor of outside magazines: “some of us have been asking: is it right that an aver

21、age climber can order an ascent of everest out of a catalog?” an australian mountaineer, tim mccartney-snape, told the associated press: “some things should remain sacred, and everest is one of them. even the strongest and toughest have found it can be extremely difficult just existing at that altit

22、ude, without other people depending on you. on everest, dependency can lead to heroism and to tragedy. one frostbitten amateur, seaborne weathers of dallas, was plucked from a rocky ledge at 22,000 feet by a nepalese army helicopter an act of incredible bravery. and rob hall, a guide who had climbed

23、 everest several times, stayed on its slope with a dying customer. after learning they were hopelessly trapped, hall managed to place a satellite telephone call to his pregnant wife, jan, in new zealand. “hey, look, ” he told her, “dont worry about me.” at that moment, hall remembered harold, the ch

24、aracter in k2 who muses: “understanding has no meaning. holding on, just holding on, that has meaning. like harold, he knew the mountain was still a mountain. still a goal. still a dream. and he couldnt hold on. rob hall died before rescuers could reach him. 6. which of the following statements best

25、 describes the authors point of view?a amateurs should not be encouraged to climb mount everest. b guided tours of mount everest have become a source of enormous profits. c in the past, mount everest has made heroes out of ordinary men and women. d mount everest should remain a metaphor to be talked

26、 about. 7. the sentence “they reach up to reach in”may be best paraphrased by “”a to know the inherent meaning of a mountain, one needs to climb up to the top b in conquering the mountain, one finds a proof of oneself c mountaineers must climb upward in order to climb inside it d one needs to climb

27、up to the top to see why a mountain is metaphorical 8. all of the following statements are true except . a mountain climbing can have a live report simultaneously b mountaineers can be located instantly during their climbing c new technology significantly reduces risks and dangers in mountain climbi

28、ng d it is more dangerous to have someone depending on you during mountain climbing 9. in the last paragraph,harold s saying “understanding has no meaning” means.a determination is more vital than thinking b persistence and action require reasoning c one should avoid misunderstanding the situation d

29、 it is meaningless to think in mountaineering .10. most likely, the author of this passage is . . a a historianb a mountaineer c a tourist guide d a reporter passage 3 the hertz corporation, the u.s. air force, hyatt hotels corporation, the city of dallas, and the neiman-marcus group, inc., have one

30、 thing in common-all have purchased the services of feedback plus. feedback plus is an agency that dispatches professional shoppers who pose as customers. these “mystery ” shoppers visit the clients business, purchase products or services and report back to the client on the quality of service they

31、receive. the city of dallas hired feedback plus to see how car-pound employees treat citizens picking up their cars. the air force is using professional shoppers to assess customer service at their on-base supply stores. banks, hospitals, and public utilities are also hiring mystery shoppers. vickie

32、 henry, chief executive of feedback plus, notes that many similar firms compete for clients business, and service really differentiates one firm from another. although henry has a database of 8,800 people who serve as professional shoppers, she sometimes assumes the role of mystery shopper herself.

33、during a recent visit to an upscale womens apparel store, she observed the type of customer service most companies attempt to avoid. none of the many salespeople on the sales floor said hello when she entered the store. when she removed a skirt from a clothing rack, none of the salespeople approache

34、d her. finally, several minutes after entering the store, henry approached a salesperson and asked to use the dressing room. needless to say, service at this firm did not receive high marks from feedback plus. as organizations experience increased competition for clients, patients, and customers, aw

35、areness of the importance of public contact increases. they are giving new attention to the old adage “first impressions are lasting impressions.” research indicates that initial impressions do indeed tend to linger. therefore, a positive first impression can set the stage for a long-term relationsh

36、ip. we are indebted to susan bixler, president of professional image, inc., and author of professional presence, for giving us a better understanding of what it means to possess professional presence. professional presence is a dynamic blend of poise, self-confidence, control and style that empowers

37、 us to be able to command respect in any situation. once acquired, it permits us to be perceived as self-assured and thoroughly competent. we project a confidence that others can quickly perceive the first time they meet us. bixler points out that, in most cases, the credentials we present during a

38、job interview or when we are being considered for a promotion are not very different from those of other persons being considered, t is oar professional presence that permits us to rise above the crowd. debra benton, a career consultant, says, “any boss with a choice of two people with equal qualifi

39、cations will choose the one with style as well as substance.” learning to create a professional presence is one of the most valuable skills we can acquire. the development of professional presence begins with a full appreciation of .the power of first impressions. the tendency to form impressions qu

40、ickly at the time of an initial meeting illustrates what social psychologists call a primacy effect in the way people perceive one another. the general principle is that first impressions establish the mental framework within which a person is viewed, and later evidence is either ignored or reinterp

41、reted to coincide with this framework. 11. for all of the following walks of life except the the professional presence has been discussed in this passage. a economic b military c academic d medical 12. the underlined word “apparel” in the first paragraph means “a apparatus b cosmetics c clothing d s

42、pecialty 13. which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? a no first impressions would ever change in the later contacts. b how one composes oneself determines how one is evaluated by others. c social psychology is a science that stipulates the principles for social behaviors.

43、 d opportunities in jobs or promotions are for those who differ from their competitors. 14. the underlined word : “poise” in the third paragraph means:a proper comportment bdesirable position c careful pause d positive assurance 15. which of the following is likely to be the title of this article? a

44、 the power of first impression b the primacy effect in marketing c social psychology in business d the importance of feedback passage four you can t drive if you re blind, or blind drunk, but an alarming number of americans find themselves, at least occasionally, driving in a blind rage. “its a majo

45、r social issue， ” says dr. ricardo martinez, administrator of the national highway traffic safety administration. “a 3,000-pound car in the hands of rude, hostile person is a lethal weapon.”a report on “road rage ” to be released this week by the american automobiles association concluded that “moto

46、rists . are increasingly being shot, stabbed, beaten, and run over for inane reasons. ” and inanity is not confined to young louts in “baywatch” t-shirt: young men are by far the most common perpetrators, but middle-aged men and women can be equally big jerks. the most common manifestation of road r

47、age was aggressive tailgating, followed by headlight flashing, “obscene gestures ”, blocking other vehicles, and verbal abuse. drivers have been assaulted with weapons ranging from partially eaten burritos to canes ( “a favorite with the elderly and disabled” ） to golf clubs - and other vehicles, in

48、cluding buses, bulldozers, forklifts, and military tanks. “in terms of fatal crashes, drunks are a much .bigger menace, ” says david willis, president of the aaa foundation of traffic safety. “but the average motorist doesn t encounter a drunk very often, while in a place like washington, d.c., at l

49、east once a week yo ull have an encounter with some crazy guy on the road.”naturally, the phenomenon has given rise to its own therapeutic movement, whose leading practitioner is a whittier, california, psychologist named arnold nerenburg. nerenburg, who calls himself “america s road rage therapist”

50、, has identified four stimuli that provoked road rage. the most common is feeling endangered by someone elses driving - for example, when another driver cuts you off or follows too closely. others are resentment at being forced to slow down, righteous indignation at someone who breaks traffic rules

51、or steals your parking space and -perhaps the most dangerous, because it opens the door to an escalating exchange of hostilities -anger at another driver who takes his own road rage out on you. the fact that most drivers are mutual strangers contributes to the volatility of highway confrontations. “

52、theres a deep psychological urge to release aggression against an anonymous other,” nerenburg says. road-rage therapy tends toward the common-sensical- “take a deep breath and just let it go, ” nerenburg recommends. but it might help to consider that you might not be all that anonymous to the other

53、driver. one of his patients realized the depth of his problem after he yelled an obscenity at the woman in the next car -who turned out to be his boss s wife. 16 .which of the following statements is true according to the passage? a more and more americans are using their cars to express their anger

54、. b old people and women are milder in temperament during driving. c common sense might be the basis for overcoming road rage. d if people know each other, road rage would not happen. 17. according to american automobile association, thepeople are more likely than all the others to be road-angered.

55、a young b middle-aged cold d handicapped 18. which of the following is a justifiable cause for road rage, according to dr. nerenburg? a another driver fails to observe a traffic law. b the parking space is occupied by another car. c the lane is taken by a slowly-moving car. d another driver flashes

56、the head-light. 19. the underlined word “l(fā)ethal” in the first paragraph means: a powerfulb illegal c dangerousd deadly 20. what might be the deep problem that one of nerenburgs patients had realized?a he faces a lawsuit of sex harassment. b he is in danger of being fired. c he will be fined by traff

57、ic police. .d he falls ill and has to see a doctor. passage five most people, asked if they can think without -speech, would probably answer, “yes, but it is not easy for me to do so. still i know it can be done.” language is but a garment! but what if language is not so much a garment as a prepared

58、 road or groove? it is, indeed, in the highest degree likely that language is an instrument originally put to uses lower than the conceptual plane and that thought arises as a refined interpretation of its content. the product grows, in other words, with the instrument and the thought may be no more

59、 conceivable, in its genesis and daily practice, without speech than is mathematical reasoning practicable without the lever of an appropriate mathematically symbolism. no one believes that even the most difficult mathematical proposition is inherently dependent on an arbitrary set of symbols, but i

60、t is impossible to suppose that the human mind is capable of arriving at or holding such a proposition without the symbolism. the writer, for one, is strongly of the opinion that the feeling entertained by so many that they can think, or even reason, without language is an illusion. the illusion see